Open Science - Michael Nielsen at TEDxWaterloo
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0:13 - 0:15Well good afternoon everybody.
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0:15 - 0:18Thank you all very much for coming along today.
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0:18 - 0:22I'd like to begin my talk with a story.
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0:22 - 0:24It's a story that begins but does not end
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0:24 - 0:28with a mathematician named Tim Gowers.
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0:28 - 0:31Gowers is one of the world's
most renowned mathematicians, -
0:31 - 0:35he is a professor at Cambridge University
and the recipient -
0:35 - 0:39of the Fields Medal, often called
the Nobel Prize of Mathematics. -
0:39 - 0:43Gowers is also a blogger
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0:43 - 0:47and in January of 2009
he used his blog -
0:47 - 0:50to pose a very striking question:
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0:50 - 0:55Is massively collaborative mathematics possible?
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0:55 - 0:59So what he was proposing in this post
was to use his -
0:59 - 1:03blog to attack a difficult unsolved
mathematical problem, -
1:03 - 1:06a problem which he said
he "would love to solve" -
1:06 - 1:09completely in the open,
using his blog to post -
1:09 - 1:13his ideas and his partial progress.
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1:13 - 1:17What's more, he issued an open invitation
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1:17 - 1:19inviting anybody in the world who thought that
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1:19 - 1:23they had an idea to contribute to post their idea
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1:23 - 1:26in the comment section of the blog.
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1:26 - 1:31His hope was that by combining the ideas
of many minds -
1:31 - 1:34he could make easy work
of his hard mathematical problem. -
1:34 - 1:38He called this experiment the Polymath Project.
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1:38 - 1:40Well, the Polymath Project got off to a slow start.
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1:40 - 1:44The first 7 hours nobody posted any comments.
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1:44 - 1:47But then, a mathematician from
the University of British Columbia -
1:47 - 1:50named Joseph Somolosie
posted a short comment. -
1:50 - 1:53And he seemed to break the ice
because a few minutes later -
1:53 - 1:56a high school teacher
named Jason Dyer posted -
1:56 - 1:59a suggestion.
And a few minutes after that -
1:59 - 2:01another mathematician
named Terence Tao, -
2:01 - 2:04also a "Fields" medalist,
posted an idea. -
2:04 - 2:08And things really started to move
quickly at this point. -
2:08 - 2:13Over the next 37 days
27 different people would post -
2:13 - 2:20800 substantive comments
containing 170,000 words. -
2:20 - 2:24I was not a serious participant
but I was following along closely from the start. -
2:24 - 2:26And it was just amazing.
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2:26 - 2:28The speed with which an idea
would be tentatively proposed -
2:28 - 2:31and then really rapidly developed
by other people -
2:31 - 2:35and improved sometimes discarded.
It's just amazing. -
2:35 - 2:38Gowers described the process as being
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2:38 - 2:44to ordinary research as driving is to pushing a car.
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2:44 - 2:48At the end of the 37 days,
Gowers used his blog to -
2:48 - 2:51announce that they had solved
the core problem, in fact, -
2:51 - 2:55they had solved a harder
generalization of the problem. -
2:55 - 2:58The Polymath Project had succeeded.
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2:58 - 3:01So what the Polymath Project suggests,
at least to me, -
3:01 - 3:05is that we can use the internet to build tools
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3:05 - 3:09that actually expand our ability to solve
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3:09 - 3:13the most challenging intellectual problems.
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3:13 - 3:17Or to put it in another way,
we can build tools which actively -
3:17 - 3:21amplify our collective intelligence
in much the same way -
3:21 - 3:24as for millennia we've used
physical tools to amplify -
3:24 - 3:29our strength. OK?
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3:29 - 3:31So, what I'd like to talk about today,
what I'd like -
3:31 - 3:35to explore today,
is what this means for science. -
3:35 - 3:38It's much more important than just
solving a single mathematical problem. -
3:38 - 3:41It means an expansion in the range of scientific
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3:41 - 3:44problems we can hope to attack at all.
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3:44 - 3:48It means potentially an acceleration
in the rate of scientific discovery. -
3:48 - 3:53It means a change in the way
we construct knowledge itself. -
3:53 - 3:56So, before I get too over-excited, however,
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3:56 - 3:59I would like to talk about some of the challenges,
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3:59 - 4:00some of the problems.
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4:00 - 4:04Particularly, I'd like to describe
a failure of this approach. -
4:04 - 4:09So it occurred in 2005, or started in 2005,
a grad student -
4:09 - 4:13at Caltech, named John Stockton,
had a very good idea -
4:13 - 4:16for what he called the "Quantum Wiki"
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4:16 - 4:21or "Qwiki" for short. OK?
It's a great idea. -
4:21 - 4:23What he did with the Qwiki, was --
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4:23 - 4:26The idea of the Qwiki was that it was going to be
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4:26 - 4:28a great repository of human knowledge.
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4:28 - 4:31Much like Wikipedia.
But instead of being focused -
4:31 - 4:34on general knowledge
it was gonna be focused on -
4:34 - 4:38specialist knowledge
in quantum computing. -
4:38 - 4:40It was gonna be a kind
of a super textbook for the field, -
4:40 - 4:43with information about
all the latest research, -
4:43 - 4:46about what the big open problems
in the field were, -
4:46 - 4:51people's speculation about how to solve
the problems and so on. -
4:51 - 4:54Like Wikipedia, the intention was
that it would be written -
4:54 - 4:59by the users, in this case,
by experts in quantum computing. -
4:59 - 5:02I was present at the conference
of Caltech in 2005 -
5:02 - 5:05when it was announced
and some of the people who I spoke to -
5:05 - 5:08were very skeptical,
but some of the people -
5:08 - 5:10were very excited about the idea.
-
5:10 - 5:12They were impressed
by the implementation, -
5:12 - 5:14they were impressed
by the amount of initial -
5:14 - 5:16seed material
which had been put on the site -
5:16 - 5:19and most of all
they were excited by the vision. -
5:19 - 5:21But just because they were excited
-
5:21 - 5:24didn't mean they wanted
to take the time themselves to contribute. -
5:24 - 5:27They hoped that other people would do so.
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5:27 - 5:30And in the end,
nobody, essentially, -
5:30 - 5:34was really all that interested
in contributing. -
5:34 - 5:36If you look today,
except in a few small corners, -
5:36 - 5:39the Qwiki is essentially dead.
-
5:39 - 5:42And sad to say,
this is quite a common story. -
5:42 - 5:45Many scientists,
in fields ranging from genetics -
5:45 - 5:48to String Theory,
have tried to start science-wikis -
5:48 - 5:51along very similar lines.
And typically they've failed, -
5:51 - 5:54for essentially the same reason.
-
5:54 - 5:56It's not just science-wikis either.
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5:56 - 5:59Inspired by Facebook,
many organizations have tried -
5:59 - 6:03to create social networks
for scientists which will -
6:03 - 6:07connect scientists to other people
with similar interest. -
6:07 - 6:12So they can share things like data
or code their ideas and so on. -
6:12 - 6:14Again, it sounds like a good idea.
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6:14 - 6:17But if you join one of these sites,
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6:17 - 6:19you will quickly discover
that they are essentially empty. -
6:19 - 6:23They are virtual ghost towns.
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6:23 - 6:25So what's going on?
What's the problem here? -
6:25 - 6:28Why are these promising sites failing?
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6:28 - 6:32Well, imagine that you are
an ambitious young scientist. -
6:32 - 6:35In fact, I know some of you here are
ambitious young scientists. -
6:35 - 6:38Imagine you are
an ambitious young scientist. -
6:38 - 6:40You would really like to get a good job,
a permanent job, -
6:40 - 6:44a good job, doing the work that you love.
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6:44 - 6:46But it's incredibly competitive to get such jobs.
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6:46 - 6:48Often there will be hundreds
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6:48 - 6:52of very highly qualified applicants for positions.
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6:52 - 6:56And so you find yourself working,
60, 70, 80 hours a week -
6:56 - 7:01doing the one thing that you know
will get you such a job. -
7:01 - 7:04And that is writing scientific papers.
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7:04 - 7:07You might think that the Qwiki
is a wonderful idea in principle, -
7:07 - 7:10but you also know that writing
a single mediocre paper -
7:10 - 7:14would yield much more
for your career in your job prospects -
7:14 - 7:18than a long series of brilliant contributions
to such a site. -
7:18 - 7:19So even though you may like the idea,
you may think -
7:19 - 7:23that it will advance science more quickly,
you just can't -
7:23 - 7:28conceive of it as being part of your job.
It's not. -
7:28 - 7:33The only things which can succeed
in this kind of environment -
7:33 - 7:36are projects like the Polymath Project,
which even though -
7:36 - 7:40they employ an unconventional means to an end
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7:40 - 7:43they have an essential conservatism about them.
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7:43 - 7:45The end product of the Polymath Project
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7:45 - 7:47was still a scientific paper.
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7:47 - 7:49In fact, it was several papers.
Right? -
7:49 - 7:52So unconventional means
but conventional ends. -
7:52 - 7:55So there is a kind of conservatism about it.
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7:55 - 7:58Don't get me wrong,
the Polymath Project is terrific -
7:58 - 8:01but it is a pity that scientists can only
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8:01 - 8:06use tools which have
this kind of conservative nature. -
8:06 - 8:08So let me tell you a story about an instance
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8:08 - 8:11where we moved away from this conservatism.
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8:11 - 8:14So it's a rare story where the conservatism
has been broken. -
8:14 - 8:18It occurred in the 1990s when,
as you know, -
8:18 - 8:21for the first time biologists
were taking large amounts -
8:21 - 8:25of genetic data to collect
in the Human Genome Project. -
8:25 - 8:29And there were sites online
which would allow biologists -
8:29 - 8:32to upload that data so it can be shared
with other people -
8:32 - 8:36around the world
and analyzed by other people. -
8:36 - 8:39Probably the best one of these
is the site GenBank -
8:39 - 8:42which some of you may have heard of or used.
-
8:42 - 8:46And these sites, like GenBank,
had the problem in common -
8:46 - 8:52with Qwiki that scientists, they're not paid
or rewarded for sharing their data. -
8:52 - 8:56It's all about publishing papers.
So there was -
8:56 - 9:01a considerable reluctance
to actually upload the data. -
9:01 - 9:04Everybody could see
that this was silly but it was -
9:04 - 9:06obvious that this was
the right thing to do. -
9:06 - 9:08But just because this was obvious
didn't mean -
9:08 - 9:09that people were actually doing it.
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9:09 - 9:13So a meeting was convened
in Bermuda in 1996 -
9:13 - 9:15of many of the world's
leading molecular biologists. -
9:15 - 9:18And they sat and they discussed
the problem -
9:18 - 9:20for several days and they came up with,
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9:20 - 9:22what are now called the Bermuda Principles,
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9:22 - 9:26which state that:
first -- once human genetic data -
9:26 - 9:29is taken in the lab,
it should be immediately uploaded -
9:29 - 9:32to a site like Gene Bank,
and two -- -
9:32 - 9:35that the data would be in the public domain.
-
9:35 - 9:37And these principles were given teeth because
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9:37 - 9:40they were taken by the big
scientific grant agencies, -
9:40 - 9:43the US National Institutes of Health,
the UK Wellcome Trust -
9:43 - 9:47actually baked into policy.
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9:47 - 9:50So it meant that if you were a scientist
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9:50 - 9:52who wanted to work on the Human Genome,
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9:52 - 9:54you had to agree to abide by these principles,
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9:54 - 9:57And today, I'm very pleased to say, as a result,
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9:57 - 10:00you can go online -- anybody here -- and download
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10:00 - 10:04the human genome.
So that's a terrific story. -
10:04 - 10:07But the Human Genome
is just a tiny fraction -
10:07 - 10:10of all scientific knowledge.
Right? -
10:10 - 10:13Even just in other parts of genetics,
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10:13 - 10:15there is so much knowledge
that is still locked up. -
10:15 - 10:18I spoke with one bioinformatician who told me
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10:18 - 10:23that he'd been "sitting on the genome
of an entire species -
10:23 - 10:28for more than a year."
An entire species -- -
10:28 - 10:31And in other parts of science,
it is routine -
10:31 - 10:35that scientists hoard their data,
they hoard the computer code -
10:35 - 10:37that they write,
that could be useful potentially -
10:37 - 10:41to other people,
they hoard their best ideas and they often -
10:41 - 10:43hoard even the descriptions of the problems
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10:43 - 10:46that they think are most interesting.
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10:46 - 10:49And so what I and other people
in the Open Science Movement -
10:49 - 10:52would like to do is
we'd like to change this situation. -
10:52 - 10:54We would like to change
the culture of science -
10:54 - 10:57so that scientists become
much more strongly motivated -
10:57 - 11:00to share all of these
different kinds of knowledge. -
11:00 - 11:04We want to change the values
of individual scientists -
11:04 - 11:08so they start to see it
as part of their job to be sharing -
11:08 - 11:10their data, to be sharing their code.
-
11:10 - 11:15To be sharing their best ideas
and their problems. -
11:15 - 11:21So, if we can do this,
this kind of change in values, -
11:21 - 11:25then we will indeed start
to see these individual scientists -
11:25 - 11:26rewarded for doing these things.
-
11:26 - 11:29They will be incentives to do them.
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11:29 - 11:32It's a difficult thing to do, however.
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11:32 - 11:37We're talking about changing the culture
of entire large parts of science. -
11:37 - 11:41But it has happened before once in history.
-
11:41 - 11:44Right back at the dawn of science,
-
11:44 - 11:49Galileo, 1609, he points his telescope
up at the sky -
11:49 - 11:53towards Saturn, and he sees
for the first time in history -
11:53 - 11:55what we now know are the rings of Saturn.
-
11:55 - 11:58Does he tell everybody in the world?
No. -
11:58 - 11:59He doesn't do that.
-
11:59 - 12:02He writes down a description, privately,
and then he scrambles -
12:02 - 12:07the letters in the description
into an anagram and he sends -
12:07 - 12:12that anagram to several
of his astronomer rivals. -
12:12 - 12:18And what this ensures is that
if they later make the same discovery, -
12:18 - 12:22he can reveal the anagram and get the credit
-
12:22 - 12:25but in the meantime he hasn't given up
any knowledge at all. -
12:25 - 12:28And I'm sad to say that he was
no uncommon at the time. -
12:28 - 12:35Newton, Huygens, Hooke, Leonardo,
they all used similar devices. -
12:35 - 12:40The printing press had been around
for 150 years by this time. -
12:40 - 12:44And yet there was a great battle
in the 17th and 18th centuries -
12:44 - 12:48to change the culture of science
so that it became -
12:48 - 12:50expected that when a scientist
made a discovery -
12:50 - 12:54they would would reveal it in a journal.
-
12:54 - 12:58And that's great. That change has happened.
Terrific! -
12:58 - 13:00But today we have new technologies,
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13:00 - 13:04new opportunities to share our knowledge
in new ways -
13:04 - 13:07and the ability to create
tools that actually allow us -
13:07 - 13:12to solve problems in entirely new ways.
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13:12 - 13:16So we need to have a second
Open Science Revolution. -
13:16 - 13:19It is my belief that any publicly funded science
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13:19 - 13:22should be open science.
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13:22 - 13:25How can we achieve this change?
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13:25 - 13:28Well, if you are a scientist
-- and I know many of you -
13:28 - 13:31are not scientists
-- but if you are a scientist, -
13:31 - 13:33then there are things that you can do.
-
13:33 - 13:37You can get involved
in an open science project -
13:37 - 13:40even if it's just for a small fraction
of your time. -
13:40 - 13:44You can find forums online
where you can share -
13:44 - 13:46your knowledge in new ways,
ways that allow -
13:46 - 13:50other people to build on that knowledge.
-
13:50 - 13:53You can also,
if you are more ambitious, -
13:53 - 13:55start an open science project of your own.
-
13:55 - 13:57If you're really bold you may wish
to experiment with -
13:57 - 14:00entirely new ways of collaborating in much
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14:00 - 14:04the same way as the Polymath Project did.
-
14:04 - 14:06But above all, what you should do,
-
14:06 - 14:10is be very generous in giving credit
to those of your colleagues -
14:10 - 14:15who are practicing science in the open
and to promote their work. -
14:15 - 14:19These only conservative
scientific values that look down -
14:19 - 14:23on these activities --
the sharing of data, the blogging, -
14:23 - 14:26or using the wikis and so on --
-
14:26 - 14:29you can reject those
conservative values and engage -
14:29 - 14:31your scientific colleagues in conversation
-
14:31 - 14:35to promote the value of these
new ways of working, -
14:35 - 14:38to emphasize that it takes
bravery to do these things -
14:38 - 14:40particularly by young scientists.
-
14:40 - 14:43It's through such conversation
that the culture of science -
14:43 - 14:48can be changed.
So if you are not a scientist, -
14:48 - 14:51there are also things that you can do.
-
14:51 - 14:55My belief is that the single most important thing
-
14:55 - 14:58that we can do to give impetus
to open science, -
14:58 - 15:04is to create a general awareness
amongst the population -
15:04 - 15:09of the issue of open science
and of its critical importance. -
15:09 - 15:11If there is that general awareness,
then the scientific -
15:11 - 15:15community will inevitably find,
it will be dragged -
15:15 - 15:19by the population at large
in the right direction. -
15:19 - 15:20There are simple things you can do.
-
15:20 - 15:22You can talk to your friends and acquaintances
-
15:22 - 15:24who are scientists and just ask them
-
15:24 - 15:27what are they doing to work more openly.
-
15:27 - 15:30Or you can use your imagination
and your personal power -
15:30 - 15:33to raise awareness in other ways.
-
15:33 - 15:35We're talking about changing
not just what scientists do -
15:35 - 15:37but what grant agencies do,
-
15:37 - 15:40what universities do
and what governments do. -
15:40 - 15:44And you can influence all of those things.
-
15:44 - 15:48Our society faces a fundamental question:
-
15:48 - 15:52What kinds of knowledge are we going to expect
-
15:52 - 15:55and incentivise our scientists to share?
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15:55 - 15:58Will we continue as we have done in the past
-
15:58 - 16:03or will we embrace new kinds
of sharing which lead -
16:03 - 16:07to new methods for solving problems
and an acceleration -
16:07 - 16:10in the process of science
entirely across the board. -
16:10 - 16:14My hope is that we will embrace open science
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16:14 - 16:16and really seize this opportunity
-
16:16 - 16:21that we have to reinvent discovery itself.
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16:21 - 16:24Thank you.
(Applause)
- Title:
- Open Science - Michael Nielsen at TEDxWaterloo
- Description:
-
Michael Nielsen is one of the pioneers of quantum computation. His research contributions include involvement in one of the first quantum teleportation experiments, named as one of Science Magazine's Top Ten Breakthroughs of the Year for 1998. Michael left academia to write a book about open science, and the radical change that online tools are causing in the way scientific discoveries are made.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 16:36
Marc Couture commented on English subtitles for Open Science - Michael Nielsen at TEDxWaterloo | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for Open Science - Michael Nielsen at TEDxWaterloo | ||
Marc Couture commented on English subtitles for Open Science - Michael Nielsen at TEDxWaterloo | ||
Fran Ontanaya commented on English subtitles for Open Science - Michael Nielsen at TEDxWaterloo | ||
Lena Capa commented on English subtitles for Open Science - Michael Nielsen at TEDxWaterloo | ||
Ivana Korom commented on English subtitles for Open Science - Michael Nielsen at TEDxWaterloo | ||
Lena Capa commented on English subtitles for Open Science - Michael Nielsen at TEDxWaterloo | ||
Ivana Korom approved English subtitles for Open Science - Michael Nielsen at TEDxWaterloo |
Marc Couture
I'm currently translating the subtitles into French, and I noticed (after about 3 minutes into the talk) three problems with the English subtitles.
1:59 Terence Tao [not Terrence]
2:31 and improved, sometimes discarded [I guess, because "sometimes just got it", doesn't made much sense]
2:51 a harder generalization [not hotter generalization]
According to the page "How do I modify a video's existing subtitles or translations?", I should be able to edit the subtitles, but the "Edit subtitles" link is inactive.
Marc Couture
After having completed my translation, I sent my list of suggested corrections to Ivana Korom, who had made the transcript, and she readily made the changes.Thank you!
I also sent it to the Spanish and Greek translators.