My glacier cave discoveries - Eddy Cartaya
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0:13 - 0:13So how many of you
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0:13 - 0:16have ever been in a cave before?
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0:16 - 0:17Okay, a few of you.
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0:17 - 0:18When you think of a cave,
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0:18 - 0:19most of you think of a tunnel
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0:19 - 0:21going through solid rock.
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0:21 - 0:23In fact, that's how most caves are.
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0:23 - 0:24Around this half of the country,
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0:24 - 0:27most of your caves are made of limestone.
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0:27 - 0:27Back where I'm from,
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0:27 - 0:29most of our caves are made from lava rock
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0:29 - 0:31because we have a lot of volcanoes out there.
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0:31 - 0:33But the caves I want to share with you today
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0:33 - 0:34are made completely of ice,
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0:34 - 0:36specifically glacier ice
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0:36 - 0:38as formed in the side of the tallest mountain
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0:38 - 0:39in the state of Oregon
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0:39 - 0:41called Mount Hood.
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0:41 - 0:44Now, Mount Hood's only one hour's drive
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0:44 - 0:44from Portland,
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0:44 - 0:46the largest city in Oregon
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0:46 - 0:48where over two million people live.
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0:48 - 0:49Now, the most exciting thing
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0:49 - 0:50for a cave explorer
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0:50 - 0:52is to find a new cave
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0:52 - 0:54and be the first human to ever go into it.
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0:54 - 0:55The second most exciting thing
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0:55 - 0:56for a cave explorer
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0:56 - 0:58is to be the first one to make a map of a cave.
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0:58 - 0:59Now, these days,
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0:59 - 1:01with so many people hiking around,
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1:01 - 1:03it's pretty hard to find a new cave,
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1:03 - 1:04so you can imagine how excited
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1:04 - 1:06we were to find three new caves
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1:06 - 1:08within sight of Oregon's largest city
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1:08 - 1:10and realize that they have never been explored
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1:10 - 1:11or mapped before.
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1:11 - 1:13It was kind of like being an astronaut
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1:13 - 1:14because we were getting to see things
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1:14 - 1:16and go places
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1:16 - 1:18that no one had ever seen or gone before.
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1:19 - 1:20So, what is a glacier?
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1:20 - 1:21Well, those of you that have ever seen
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1:21 - 1:22or touched snow,
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1:22 - 1:23you know that it's really light
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1:23 - 1:25because it's just a bunch of tiny ice crystals
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1:25 - 1:26clumped together
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1:26 - 1:27and it's mostly air.
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1:27 - 1:29If you squish a handful of snow
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1:29 - 1:30to make a snowball,
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1:30 - 1:32it gets really small, hard, and dense.
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1:32 - 1:34Well, in a mountain like Hood
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1:34 - 1:35where it snows over twenty feet a year,
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1:35 - 1:37it crushes the air out of it
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1:37 - 1:40and gradually forms it into hard, blue ice.
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1:40 - 1:42Now, each year more and more ice
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1:42 - 1:43stacks up on top of it
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1:43 - 1:45and eventually gets so heavy
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1:45 - 1:47that it starts to slide down the mountain
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1:47 - 1:49under its own weight,
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1:49 - 1:51forming a slow-moving river of ice.
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1:51 - 1:53When an ice pack like that starts to move,
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1:53 - 1:54we call it a glacier
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1:54 - 1:55and we give it a name.
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1:55 - 1:57The name of the glacier these caves were formed
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1:57 - 1:59is the Sandy Glacier.
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1:59 - 2:02Now, each year as new snow lands on the glacier,
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2:02 - 2:04it melts in the summer sun,
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2:04 - 2:06and it forms little rivers of water
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2:06 - 2:07on the flow along the ice
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2:07 - 2:08and they start to melt
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2:08 - 2:10and bore their way down through the glacier,
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2:10 - 2:12forming big networks of caves,
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2:12 - 2:13sometimes going all the way down
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2:13 - 2:15to the underlying bedrock.
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2:15 - 2:17Now, the crazy thing about glacier caves
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2:17 - 2:20is that each year new tunnels form,
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2:20 - 2:22different waterfalls pop up
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2:22 - 2:23or move around from place to place
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2:23 - 2:24inside the cave.
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2:24 - 2:26Warm water from the top of the ice
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2:26 - 2:27is boring its way down,
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2:27 - 2:29and warm air from below the mountain
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2:29 - 2:31actually rises up,
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2:31 - 2:32gets into the cave,
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2:32 - 2:35and melts the ceilings back taller and taller.
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2:35 - 2:36But the weirdest thing about glacier caves
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2:36 - 2:38is that the entire cave is moving
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2:38 - 2:40because it's formed inside a block of ice
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2:40 - 2:42the size of a small city
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2:42 - 2:45that's slowly sliding down the mountain.
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2:45 - 2:46Now, this is Brent McGregor,
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2:46 - 2:48my cave exploration partner.
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2:48 - 2:51He and I have both been exploring caves a long time
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2:51 - 2:54and we've been climbing mountains a long time,
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2:54 - 2:54but neither of us have ever really explored
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2:54 - 2:56a glacier cave before.
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2:56 - 2:59Back in 2011, Brent saw a YouTube video
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2:59 - 3:00of a couple of hikers
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3:00 - 3:02that stumbled across the entrance
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3:02 - 3:03to one of these caves.
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3:03 - 3:05There were no GPS coordinates for it,
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3:05 - 3:06and all we knew was that it was somewhere
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3:06 - 3:08out on the Sandy Glacier.
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3:08 - 3:09So, in July of that year,
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3:09 - 3:10we went out on the glacier,
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3:10 - 3:13and we found a big crack in the ice.
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3:13 - 3:15We had to build snow and ice anchors,
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3:15 - 3:16so we could tie off ropes
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3:16 - 3:18and repel down into the hole.
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3:18 - 3:21This is me looking into the entrance crevasse.
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3:21 - 3:22At the end of this hole,
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3:22 - 3:23we found a huge tunnel
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3:23 - 3:25going right up the mountain
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3:25 - 3:27underneath thousands of tons of glacier ice.
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3:27 - 3:29We followed this cave back
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3:29 - 3:31for about a half mile until it came to an end.
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3:31 - 3:33And then with the help of our survey tools,
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3:33 - 3:35we made a three-dimensional map of the cave
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3:35 - 3:37on our way back out.
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3:37 - 3:39So, how do you map a cave?
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3:39 - 3:42Well, cave maps aren't like trail maps or road maps
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3:42 - 3:43because they have pits and holes
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3:43 - 3:45going to overlapping levels.
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3:45 - 3:46To make a cave map,
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3:46 - 3:47you have to set up survey stations
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3:47 - 3:49every few feet inside the cave,
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3:49 - 3:51and you use a laser to measure the distance
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3:51 - 3:53between those stations.
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3:53 - 3:56And you use a compass and an inclinometer
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3:56 - 3:57to measure the direction the cave is headed
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3:57 - 4:00and measure the slope of the floor and the ceilings.
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4:00 - 4:02Now, those of you taking trigonometry,
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4:02 - 4:03that particular type of math
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4:03 - 4:05is very useful for making maps like this
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4:05 - 4:06because it allows you to measure
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4:06 - 4:08heights and distances
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4:08 - 4:10without actually having to go there.
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4:10 - 4:12In fact, the more I mapped and studied caves,
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4:12 - 4:14the more useful I found all that math
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4:14 - 4:16that I originally hated in school to be.
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4:16 - 4:18So, when you're done surveying,
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4:18 - 4:19you take all this data,
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4:19 - 4:21you punch it into the computer,
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4:21 - 4:21and you find someone
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4:21 - 4:23that can draw really well,
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4:23 - 4:24and you have them draft up a map
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4:24 - 4:26that looks something like this.
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4:26 - 4:27And it will show you both
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4:27 - 4:29a bird's eye view of the passage
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4:29 - 4:32as well as a profile view of the passage,
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4:32 - 4:34kind of like an ant farm view.
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4:34 - 4:36We named this cave Snow Dragon Cave
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4:36 - 4:37because it was like a big dragon
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4:37 - 4:39sleeping under the snow.
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4:39 - 4:40Now, later this summer
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4:40 - 4:41as more snow melted off the glacier,
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4:41 - 4:42we found more caves,
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4:42 - 4:45and we realized they were all connected.
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4:45 - 4:47Not long after we mapped Snow Dragon,
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4:47 - 4:49Brent discovered this new cave
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4:49 - 4:50not very far away.
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4:50 - 4:52The inside of it was coated with ice
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4:52 - 4:54so we had to wear big spikes
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4:54 - 4:55in our feet called crampons,
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4:55 - 4:57so we could walk around without slipping.
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4:57 - 4:59This cave was amazing!
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4:59 - 5:02The ice in the ceiling was glowing blue and green
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5:02 - 5:03because the sunlight from far above
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5:03 - 5:05was shining through the ice
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5:05 - 5:06and lighting it all up.
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5:06 - 5:08Now, we couldn't understand why this cave
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5:08 - 5:10was so much colder than Snow Dragon
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5:10 - 5:11until we got to the end,
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5:11 - 5:13and we found out why.
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5:13 - 5:16There was a huge pit or shaft called a moulin
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5:16 - 5:18going a 130 feet straight up
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5:18 - 5:19to the surface of the glacier.
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5:19 - 5:21Cold air from the top of the mountain
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5:21 - 5:23was flowing down this hole,
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5:23 - 5:24blasting through the cave,
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5:24 - 5:26freezing everything inside of it.
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5:26 - 5:28And we were so excited about finding this new pit,
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5:28 - 5:31we actually came back in January the following year
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5:31 - 5:33so we could be the first ones to explore it.
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5:33 - 5:35It was so cold outside,
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5:35 - 5:37we actually had to sleep inside the cave.
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5:37 - 5:39Here's our camp on the left side
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5:39 - 5:41of this entrance room.
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5:41 - 5:43The next morning we climbed out of the cave
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5:43 - 5:44and hiked all the way
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5:44 - 5:45to the top of the glacier
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5:45 - 5:48where we finally rigged and repelled this pit
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5:48 - 5:49for the very first time.
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5:49 - 5:52Brent named this cave Pure Imagination, I think,
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5:52 - 5:53because the beautiful sights we saw in there
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5:53 - 5:56were beyond what we could have ever imagined.
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5:56 - 5:57So, besides really cool ice,
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5:57 - 5:59what else is inside these caves?
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5:59 - 6:01Well, not too much lives in them
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6:01 - 6:02because they're so cold,
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6:02 - 6:04and the entrance is actually covered up with snow
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6:04 - 6:06for about eight months of the year,
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6:06 - 6:08but there are some really cool things in there.
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6:08 - 6:10There's weird bacteria living in the water
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6:10 - 6:12that actually eat and digest rocks
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6:12 - 6:13to make their own food
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6:13 - 6:15to live under this ice.
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6:15 - 6:16In fact, this past summer
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6:16 - 6:19scientists collected samples of water and ice
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6:19 - 6:22specifically to see if things called extremophiles,
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6:22 - 6:24tiny lifeforms that have evolved
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6:24 - 6:26to live in a completely hostile conditions,
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6:26 - 6:28might be living under the ice,
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6:28 - 6:29kind of like what they hope to find
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6:29 - 6:31in the polar ice caps of Mars some day.
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6:31 - 6:32Another really cool thing
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6:32 - 6:34is that as seeds and birds land
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6:34 - 6:36on the surface of the glacier and die,
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6:36 - 6:37they get buried in the snow
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6:37 - 6:39and gradually become part of the glacier,
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6:39 - 6:41sinking deeper and deeper into the ice.
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6:41 - 6:43As these caves form
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6:43 - 6:44and melt their way up into the ice,
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6:44 - 6:47they make these artifacts rain down from the ceiling
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6:47 - 6:48and fall into the cave floor
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6:48 - 6:50where we end up finding them.
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6:50 - 6:53For example, this is a nodal first seed we found.
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6:53 - 6:55It's been frozen in ice for over a hundred years,
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6:55 - 6:58and it's just now starting to sprout.
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6:58 - 7:01This mallard duck feather was found over 1800 feet
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7:01 - 7:03in the back of Snow Dragon Cave.
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7:03 - 7:04This duck died on the surface
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7:04 - 7:06of the glacier long, long ago,
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7:06 - 7:08and its feathers have finally made it down
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7:08 - 7:09through over a hundred feet of ice
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7:09 - 7:12before falling inside the cave.
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7:12 - 7:13And this beautiful quartz crystal
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7:13 - 7:15was also found in the back of Snow Dragon.
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7:15 - 7:17Even now Brent and I find it hard to believe
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7:17 - 7:19that all these discoveries
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7:19 - 7:21were essentially in our own backyard,
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7:21 - 7:23hidden away just waiting to be found.
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7:23 - 7:24Like I said earlier,
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7:24 - 7:25the idea of discovery
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7:25 - 7:27in this busy world we live in
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7:27 - 7:28kind of seems like something
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7:28 - 7:30you can only do with space travel now,
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7:30 - 7:31but that's not true.
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7:31 - 7:34Every year new caves get discovered
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7:34 - 7:36that no one has ever been in before.
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7:36 - 7:37So, it's actually not too late
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7:37 - 7:40for one of you to become a discoverer yourself.
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7:40 - 7:41You just have to be willing to look
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7:41 - 7:44and go where people don't often go
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7:44 - 7:46and focus your eyes and your mind
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7:46 - 7:48to recognize the discovery when you see it
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7:48 - 7:51because it might be in your own backyard.
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7:51 - 7:52Thank you very much.
- Title:
- My glacier cave discoveries - Eddy Cartaya
- Description:
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View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/my-glacier-cave-discoveries-eddy-cartaya
Snow Dragon. Pure Imagination. Frozen Minotaur. These are the names Eddy Cartaya and his climbing partner Brent McGregor gave three glacier caves that they were the first to explore, caves that are morphing constantly thanks to warm water and warm air. At TEDYouth, Cartaya takes us inside these magical spaces where ice glows in bright blues and greens, and where artifacts rain from the ceiling.
Talk by Eddy Cartaya.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 08:03
TED edited English subtitles for My glacier cave discoveries - Eddy Cartaya | ||
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Jessica Ruby accepted English subtitles for My glacier cave discoveries - Eddy Cartaya | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for My glacier cave discoveries - Eddy Cartaya | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for My glacier cave discoveries - Eddy Cartaya | ||
Andrea McDonough edited English subtitles for My glacier cave discoveries - Eddy Cartaya | ||
Andrea McDonough edited English subtitles for My glacier cave discoveries - Eddy Cartaya |