The interspecies internet? An idea in progress
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0:01 - 0:03Diana Reiss: You may think you're looking
-
0:03 - 0:07through a window at a dolphin
spinning playfully, -
0:07 - 0:09but what you're actually looking through
-
0:09 - 0:12is a two-way mirror at a dolphin
-
0:12 - 0:15looking at itself spinning playfully.
-
0:15 - 0:17This is a dolphin that is self-aware.
-
0:17 - 0:19This dolphin has self-awareness.
-
0:19 - 0:21It's a young dolphin named Bayley.
-
0:21 - 0:24I've been very interested
in understanding the nature -
0:24 - 0:27of the intelligence of dolphins
for the past 30 years. -
0:27 - 0:30How do we explore
intelligence in this animal -
0:30 - 0:32that's so different from us?
-
0:32 - 0:35And what I've used is a very
simple research tool, -
0:35 - 0:37a mirror, and we've gained
great information, -
0:37 - 0:41reflections of these animal minds.
-
0:41 - 0:44Dolphins aren't the only animals,
the only non-human animals, -
0:45 - 0:47to show mirror self-recognition.
-
0:47 - 0:50We used to think this
was a uniquely human ability, -
0:50 - 0:53but we learned that the great
apes, our closest relatives, -
0:53 - 0:55also show this ability.
-
0:55 - 0:56Then we showed it in dolphins,
-
0:56 - 0:58and then later in elephants.
-
0:58 - 1:01We did this work in my lab
with the dolphins and elephants, -
1:01 - 1:03and it's been recently
shown in the magpie. -
1:03 - 1:06Now, it's interesting,
because we've embraced -
1:06 - 1:10this Darwinian view of a continuity
in physical evolution, -
1:10 - 1:12this physical continuity.
-
1:12 - 1:15But we've been much more
reticent, much slower -
1:15 - 1:19at recognizing this
continuity in cognition, -
1:19 - 1:22in emotion, in consciousness
in other animals. -
1:22 - 1:25Other animals are conscious.
-
1:25 - 1:28They're emotional. They're aware.
-
1:28 - 1:31There have been multitudes
of studies with many species -
1:31 - 1:34over the years that have
given us exquisite evidence -
1:34 - 1:37for thinking and consciousness
in other animals, -
1:37 - 1:41other animals that are quite
different than we are in form. -
1:41 - 1:43We are not alone.
-
1:43 - 1:48We are not alone in these abilities.
-
1:48 - 1:51And I hope, and one of my biggest dreams,
-
1:51 - 1:54is that, with our growing awareness
-
1:54 - 1:55about the consciousness of others
-
1:55 - 1:58and our relationship with the rest
of the animal world, -
1:58 - 2:01that we'll give them
the respect and protection -
2:01 - 2:01that they deserve.
-
2:01 - 2:04So that's a wish I'm throwing
out here for everybody, -
2:04 - 2:08and I hope I can really
engage you in this idea. -
2:08 - 2:09Now, I want to return to dolphins,
-
2:09 - 2:12because these are the animals
that I feel like -
2:12 - 2:14I've been working up closely
and personal with -
2:14 - 2:16for over 30 years.
-
2:16 - 2:17And these are real personalities.
-
2:17 - 2:21They are not persons,
but they're personalities -
2:21 - 2:22in every sense of the word.
-
2:22 - 2:25And you can't get more
alien than the dolphin. -
2:25 - 2:28They are very different
from us in body form. -
2:28 - 2:31They're radically different. They come
from a radically different environment. -
2:31 - 2:35In fact, we're separated
by 95 million years -
2:35 - 2:37of divergent evolution.
-
2:37 - 2:39Look at this body.
-
2:39 - 2:43And in every sense of making a pun here,
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2:43 - 2:47these are true non-terrestrials.
-
2:47 - 2:51I wondered how we might
interface with these animals. -
2:51 - 2:54In the 1980s, I developed
an underwater keyboard. -
2:54 - 2:56This was a custom-made
touch-screen keyboard. -
2:56 - 2:59What I wanted to do was give
the dolphins choice and control. -
2:59 - 3:01These are big brains,
highly social animals, -
3:01 - 3:05and I thought, well, if we give
them choice and control, -
3:05 - 3:07if they can hit a symbol
on this keyboard -- -
3:07 - 3:09and by the way, it was interfaced
by fiber optic cables -
3:09 - 3:12from Hewlett-Packard
with an Apple II computer. -
3:12 - 3:14This seems prehistoric now,
-
3:14 - 3:16but this was where
we were with technology. -
3:16 - 3:19So the dolphins could hit a key, a symbol,
-
3:19 - 3:21they heard a computer-generated whistle,
-
3:21 - 3:23and they got an object or activity.
-
3:23 - 3:24Now here's a little video.
-
3:25 - 3:27This is Delphi and Pan,
and you're going to see Delphi -
3:27 - 3:31hitting a key, he hears a computer-generated
whistle -- (Whistle) -- -
3:31 - 3:35and gets a ball, so they can
actually ask for things they want. -
3:35 - 3:39What was remarkable is,
they explored this keyboard -
3:39 - 3:43on their own. There was no
intervention on our part. -
3:43 - 3:45They explored the keyboard.
They played around with it. -
3:45 - 3:47They figured out how it worked.
-
3:47 - 3:49And they started to quickly
imitate the sounds -
3:49 - 3:52they were hearing on the keyboard.
-
3:52 - 3:54They imitated on their own.
-
3:54 - 3:56Beyond that, though, they started learning
-
3:56 - 3:59associations
between the symbols, the sounds -
3:59 - 4:01and the objects.
-
4:01 - 4:05What we saw was self-organized learning,
-
4:05 - 4:08and now I'm imagining, what can we do
-
4:08 - 4:09with new technologies?
-
4:09 - 4:12How can we create interfaces,
new windows into -
4:12 - 4:17the minds of animals,
with the technologies that exist today? -
4:17 - 4:20So I was thinking about this,
and then, one day, -
4:20 - 4:24I got a call from Peter.
-
4:27 - 4:29Peter Gabriel: I make noises for a living.
-
4:29 - 4:30On a good day, it's music,
-
4:31 - 4:32and I want to talk a little bit about
-
4:32 - 4:36the most amazing music-making
experience I ever had. -
4:36 - 4:40I'm a farm boy. I grew
up surrounded by animals, -
4:40 - 4:42and I would look in these eyes and wonder
-
4:42 - 4:43what was going on there?
-
4:43 - 4:46So as an adult, when
I started to read about -
4:46 - 4:49the amazing breakthroughs
with Penny Patterson and Koko, -
4:49 - 4:52with Sue Savage-Rumbaugh
and Kanzi, Panbanisha, -
4:52 - 4:55Irene Pepperberg, Alex the parrot,
-
4:55 - 4:57I got all excited.
-
4:57 - 4:59What was amazing to me also
-
4:59 - 5:03was they seemed a lot more adept
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5:03 - 5:06at getting a handle on our language
-
5:06 - 5:10than we were on getting
a handle on theirs. -
5:10 - 5:14I work with a lot of musicians
from around the world, -
5:14 - 5:16and often we don't have
any common language at all, -
5:16 - 5:20but we sit down behind our instruments,
-
5:20 - 5:23and suddenly there's a way
for us to connect and emote. -
5:23 - 5:26So I started cold-calling,
and eventually got through -
5:26 - 5:28to Sue Savage-Rumbaugh,
-
5:28 - 5:30and she invited me down.
-
5:30 - 5:35I went down, and the bonobos
-
5:35 - 5:37had had access to percussion instruments,
-
5:37 - 5:41musical toys, but never
before to a keyboard. -
5:41 - 5:43At first they did what infants do,
-
5:43 - 5:45just bashed it with their fists,
-
5:45 - 5:47and then I asked, through Sue,
-
5:47 - 5:51if Panbanisha could try
with one finger only. -
5:51 - 5:56Sue Savage-Rumbaugh: Can
you play a grooming song? -
5:56 - 5:58I want to hear a grooming song.
-
5:58 - 6:03Play a real quiet grooming song.
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6:05 - 6:08PG: So groom was the subject of the piece.
-
6:08 - 6:13(Music)
-
6:26 - 6:30So I'm just behind, jamming,
-
6:30 - 6:34yeah, this is what we started with.
-
6:34 - 6:38Sue's encouraging her
to continue a little more. -
6:38 - 6:43(Music)
-
7:27 - 7:32She discovers a note she likes,
-
7:32 - 7:35finds the octave.
-
7:35 - 7:40She'd never sat at a keyboard before.
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7:46 - 7:50Nice triplets.
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8:01 - 8:04SSR: You did good. That was very good.
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8:04 - 8:05PG: She hit good.
-
8:05 - 8:11(Applause)
-
8:11 - 8:15So that night, we began to dream,
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8:15 - 8:18and we thought, perhaps
the most amazing tool -
8:18 - 8:20that man's created is the Internet,
-
8:20 - 8:24and what would happen if we could somehow
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8:24 - 8:26find new interfaces,
-
8:26 - 8:29visual-audio interfaces that would allow
-
8:29 - 8:32these remarkable sentient beings
-
8:32 - 8:34that we share the planet with access?
-
8:34 - 8:38And Sue Savage-Rumbaugh
got excited about that, -
8:38 - 8:41called her friend Steve Woodruff,
-
8:41 - 8:44and we began hustling all sorts of people
-
8:44 - 8:47whose work related or was inspiring,
-
8:47 - 8:49which led us to Diana,
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8:49 - 8:52and led us to Neil.
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8:52 - 8:54Neil Gershenfeld: Thanks, Peter.
PG: Thank you. -
8:54 - 8:58(Applause)
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8:58 - 8:59NG: So Peter approached me.
-
8:59 - 9:02I lost it when I saw that clip.
-
9:02 - 9:05He approached me with a vision
of doing these things -
9:05 - 9:07not for people, for animals.
-
9:07 - 9:09And then I was struck
in the history of the Internet. -
9:09 - 9:13This is what the Internet
looked like when it was born -
9:13 - 9:16and you can call that the Internet
-
9:16 - 9:17of middle-aged white men,
-
9:17 - 9:18mostly middle-aged white men.
-
9:18 - 9:21Vint Cerf: (Laughs)
-
9:21 - 9:24(Laughter)
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9:24 - 9:25NG: Speaking as one.
-
9:25 - 9:28Then, when I first came to TED,
-
9:28 - 9:30which was where I met
Peter, I showed this. -
9:30 - 9:33This is a $1 web server,
-
9:33 - 9:35and at the time that was radical.
-
9:35 - 9:39And the possibility of making
a web server for a dollar -
9:39 - 9:43grew into what became known
as the Internet of Things, -
9:43 - 9:46which is literally an industry
now with tremendous implications -
9:46 - 9:48for health care, energy efficiency.
-
9:48 - 9:50And we were happy with ourselves.
-
9:50 - 9:51And then when Peter showed me that,
-
9:51 - 9:53I realized we had missed something,
-
9:53 - 9:55which is the rest of the planet.
-
9:55 - 9:58So we started up this
interspecies Internet project. -
9:58 - 9:59Now we started talking with TED
-
9:59 - 10:02about how you bring dolphins
and great apes and elephants -
10:02 - 10:05to TED, and we realized
that wouldn't work. -
10:05 - 10:07So we're going to bring you to them.
-
10:07 - 10:09So if we could switch
to the audio from this computer, -
10:09 - 10:13we've been video conferencing
with cognitive animals, -
10:13 - 10:14and we're going to have each of them
-
10:14 - 10:15just briefly introduce them.
-
10:16 - 10:18And so if we could also
have this up, great. -
10:18 - 10:19So the first site we're going to meet
-
10:19 - 10:22is Cameron Park Zoo
in Waco, with orangutans. -
10:23 - 10:25In the daytime they live outside.
It's nighttime there now. -
10:25 - 10:28So can you please go ahead?
-
10:28 - 10:31Terri Cox: Hi, I'm Terri Cox
-
10:31 - 10:33with the Cameron Park Zoo in Waco, Texas,
-
10:34 - 10:37and with me I have KeraJaan and Mei,
-
10:37 - 10:39two of our Bornean orangutans.
-
10:39 - 10:44During the day, they have
a beautiful, large outdoor habitat, -
10:44 - 10:47and at night, they come into this habitat,
-
10:47 - 10:49into their night quarters,
-
10:49 - 10:51where they can have a climate-controlled
-
10:51 - 10:53and secure environment to sleep in.
-
10:53 - 10:57We participate in the Apps
for Apes program -
10:57 - 11:01Orangutan Outreach, and we use iPads
-
11:01 - 11:03to help stimulate and enrich the animals,
-
11:03 - 11:04and also help raise awareness
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11:04 - 11:07for these critically endangered animals.
-
11:07 - 11:11And they share 97 percent of our DNA
-
11:11 - 11:13and are incredibly intelligent,
-
11:13 - 11:16so it's so exciting to think
of all the opportunities -
11:16 - 11:19that we have via technology
and the Internet -
11:19 - 11:23to really enrich their lives
and open up their world. -
11:23 - 11:25We're really excited about the possibility
-
11:25 - 11:27of an interspecies Internet,
-
11:27 - 11:31and K.J. has
been enjoying the conference very much. -
11:32 - 11:34NG: That's great. When we were
rehearsing last night, -
11:34 - 11:36he had fun watching the elephants.
-
11:36 - 11:39Next user group are the dolphins
at the National Aquarium. -
11:39 - 11:42Please go ahead.
-
11:42 - 11:43Allison Ginsburg: Good evening.
-
11:43 - 11:44Well, my name is Allison Ginsburg,
-
11:44 - 11:47and we're live in Baltimore
at the National Aquarium. -
11:47 - 11:51Joining me are three of our eight Atlantic
bottlenose dolphins: -
11:51 - 11:5420-year-old Chesapeake,
who was our first dolphin born here, -
11:54 - 11:57her four-year-old daughter Bayley,
-
11:57 - 12:00and her half sister, 11-year-old Maya.
-
12:00 - 12:02Now, here at the National Aquarium
-
12:02 - 12:05we are committed to excellence
in animal care, -
12:05 - 12:07to research, and to conservation.
-
12:07 - 12:10The dolphins are pretty intrigued
as to what's going on here tonight. -
12:11 - 12:13They're not really used
to having cameras here -
12:13 - 12:14at 8 o'clock at night.
-
12:14 - 12:17In addition, we are very
committed to doing -
12:17 - 12:18different types of research.
-
12:18 - 12:21As Diana mentioned,
our animals are involved -
12:21 - 12:24in many different research studies.
-
12:35 - 12:38NG: Those are for you.
-
12:38 - 12:40Okay, that's great, thank you.
-
12:40 - 12:43And the third user group, in Thailand,
-
12:43 - 12:48is Think Elephants. Go ahead, Josh.
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12:48 - 12:50Josh Plotnik: Hi, my name is Josh Plotnik,
-
12:50 - 12:52and I'm with Think
Elephants International, -
12:52 - 12:55and we're here in the Golden
Triangle of Thailand -
12:55 - 12:58with the Golden Triangle Asian
Elephant Foundation elephants. -
12:58 - 13:00And we have 26 elephants here,
-
13:00 - 13:04and our research is focused on the evolution
of intelligence with elephants, -
13:04 - 13:07but our foundation Think
Elephants is focused -
13:07 - 13:10on bringing elephants
into classrooms around the world -
13:10 - 13:12virtually like this and showing people
-
13:12 - 13:14how incredible these animals are.
-
13:14 - 13:16So we're able to bring the camera
right up to the elephant, -
13:16 - 13:18put food into the elephant's mouth,
-
13:18 - 13:21show people what's going
on inside their mouths, -
13:21 - 13:23and show everyone around the world
-
13:23 - 13:26how incredible these animals really are.
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13:26 - 13:28NG: Okay, that's great. Thanks Josh.
-
13:28 - 13:30And once again, we've been building
great relationships -
13:30 - 13:33among them just
since we've been rehearsing. -
13:33 - 13:36So at that point, if we can go
back to the other computer, -
13:36 - 13:38we were starting to think
about how you integrate -
13:38 - 13:41the rest of the biomass
of the planet into the Internet, -
13:41 - 13:43and we went to the best possible person
-
13:43 - 13:46I can think of, which is Vint Cerf,
-
13:46 - 13:49who is one of the founders
who gave us the Internet. Vint? -
13:49 - 13:51VC: Thank you, Neil.
-
13:51 - 13:55(Applause)
-
13:55 - 14:00A long time ago in a galaxy
— oops, wrong script. -
14:00 - 14:03Forty years ago, Bob Kahn and I
-
14:03 - 14:04did the design of the Internet.
-
14:04 - 14:07Thirty years ago, we turned it on.
-
14:07 - 14:10Just last year, we turned
on the production Internet. -
14:10 - 14:12You've been using the experimental version
-
14:12 - 14:14for the last 30 years.
-
14:14 - 14:17The production version,
it uses IP version 6. -
14:17 - 14:22It has 3.4 times 10 to the 38th
possible terminations. -
14:22 - 14:25That's a number only that Congress
can appreciate. -
14:25 - 14:29But it leads to what is coming next.
-
14:29 - 14:32When Bob and I did this design,
-
14:32 - 14:35we thought we were building a system
to connect computers together. -
14:35 - 14:37What we very quickly discovered
-
14:37 - 14:40is that this was a system
for connecting people together. -
14:40 - 14:43And what you've seen tonight
-
14:43 - 14:47tells you that we should
not restrict this network -
14:47 - 14:49to one species,
-
14:49 - 14:53that these other intelligent,
sentient species -
14:53 - 14:55should be part of the system too.
-
14:55 - 14:58This is the system as it
looks today, by the way. -
14:58 - 15:01This is what the Internet
looks like to a computer -
15:01 - 15:03that's trying to figure
out where the traffic -
15:03 - 15:05is supposed to go.
-
15:05 - 15:07This is generated by a program
-
15:07 - 15:10that's looking at the connectivity
of the Internet, -
15:10 - 15:13and how all the various networks
are connected together. -
15:13 - 15:16There are about 400,000
networks, interconnected, -
15:16 - 15:21run independently by 400,000
different operating agencies, -
15:22 - 15:23and the only reason this works
-
15:23 - 15:27is that they all use the same
standard TCP/IP protocols. -
15:27 - 15:29Well, you know where this is headed.
-
15:29 - 15:31The Internet of Things tell us
-
15:31 - 15:36that a lot of computer-enabled
appliances and devices -
15:36 - 15:38are going to become part
of this system too: -
15:38 - 15:40appliances that you use around the house,
-
15:40 - 15:42that you use in your office,
-
15:42 - 15:45that you carry around with yourself
or in the car. -
15:45 - 15:47That's the Internet
of Things that's coming. -
15:47 - 15:50Now, what's important
about what these people are doing -
15:50 - 15:53is that they're beginning to learn
-
15:53 - 15:56how to communicate with species
-
15:56 - 15:57that are not us
-
15:57 - 16:00but share a common sensory environment.
-
16:00 - 16:02We're beginning to explore what it means
-
16:02 - 16:04to communicate with something
-
16:04 - 16:06that isn't just another person.
-
16:06 - 16:09Well, you can see what's coming next.
-
16:09 - 16:12All kinds of possible sentient beings
-
16:12 - 16:14may be interconnected through this system,
-
16:14 - 16:17and I can't wait to see
these experiments unfold. -
16:17 - 16:19What happens after that?
-
16:19 - 16:22Well, let's see.
-
16:22 - 16:25There are machines that need
to talk to machines -
16:25 - 16:28and that we need to talk to,
and so as time goes on, -
16:28 - 16:30we're going to have to learn
-
16:30 - 16:32how to communicate with computers
-
16:32 - 16:34and how to get computers
to communicate with us -
16:34 - 16:36in the way that we're accustomed to,
-
16:36 - 16:39not with keyboards, not with mice,
-
16:39 - 16:41but with speech and gestures
-
16:41 - 16:44and all the natural human language
that we're accustomed to. -
16:44 - 16:46So we'll need something like C3PO
-
16:46 - 16:50to become a translator between ourselves
-
16:50 - 16:52and some of the other
machines we live with. -
16:52 - 16:54Now, there is a project that's underway
-
16:54 - 16:56called the interplanetary Internet.
-
16:56 - 16:59It's in operation between Earth and Mars.
-
16:59 - 17:02It's operating on the International
Space Station. -
17:02 - 17:06It's part of the spacecraft
that's in orbit around the Sun -
17:06 - 17:07that's rendezvoused with two planets.
-
17:07 - 17:10So the interplanetary
system is on its way, -
17:10 - 17:11but there's a last project,
-
17:11 - 17:14which the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency, -
17:14 - 17:16which funded the original ARPANET,
-
17:16 - 17:20funded the Internet, funded
the interplanetary architecture, -
17:20 - 17:23is now funding a project
to design a spacecraft -
17:23 - 17:27to get to the nearest
star in 100 years' time. -
17:27 - 17:30What that means
is that what we're learning -
17:30 - 17:32with these interactions with other species
-
17:32 - 17:34will teach us, ultimately,
-
17:34 - 17:38how we might interact
with an alien from another world. -
17:38 - 17:41I can hardly wait.
-
17:41 - 17:48(Applause)
-
17:48 - 17:49June Cohen: So first of all, thank you,
-
17:49 - 17:51and I would like to acknowledge
that four people -
17:51 - 17:53who could talk to us for full four days
-
17:53 - 17:55actually managed to stay
to four minutes each, -
17:55 - 17:57and we thank you for that.
-
17:57 - 17:58I have so many questions,
-
17:58 - 18:01but maybe a few practical things
that the audience might want to know. -
18:02 - 18:04You're launching this idea here at TED —
PG: Today. -
18:04 - 18:05JC: Today. This is the first
time you're talking about it. -
18:05 - 18:08Tell me a little bit about where
you're going to take the idea. -
18:08 - 18:09What's next?
-
18:09 - 18:13PG: I think we want
to engage as many people -
18:13 - 18:15here as possible in helping us
-
18:15 - 18:19think of smart interfaces
that will make all this possible. -
18:19 - 18:20NG: And just mechanically,
-
18:20 - 18:23there's a 501(c)(3) and web infrastructure
-
18:23 - 18:25and all of that, but it's not
quite ready to turn on, -
18:25 - 18:27so we'll roll that out, and contact us
-
18:27 - 18:29if you want the information on it.
-
18:29 - 18:32The idea is this will be -- much
like the Internet functions -
18:32 - 18:33as a network of networks,
-
18:33 - 18:34which is Vint's core contribution,
-
18:34 - 18:37this will be a wrapper
around all of these initiatives, -
18:37 - 18:39that are wonderful individually,
to link them globally. -
18:39 - 18:41JC: Right, and do you have a web address
-
18:41 - 18:42that we might look for yet?
-
18:42 - 18:45NG: Shortly. JC: Shortly. We
will come back to you on that. -
18:45 - 18:48And very quickly, just to clarify.
-
18:48 - 18:50Some people might have looked
at the video that you showed -
18:50 - 18:52and thought, well, that's just a webcam.
-
18:52 - 18:53What's special about it?
-
18:53 - 18:55If you could talk for just a moment
-
18:55 - 18:56about how you want to go past that?
-
18:56 - 19:00NG: So this is scalable
video infrastructure, -
19:00 - 19:02not for a few to a few but many to many,
-
19:02 - 19:05so that it scales
to symmetrical video sharing -
19:05 - 19:08and content sharing across these
sites around the planet. -
19:08 - 19:11So there's a lot of back-end
signal processing, -
19:11 - 19:14not for one to many, but for many to many.
-
19:14 - 19:15JC: Right, and then on a practical level,
-
19:15 - 19:17which technologies are you
looking at first? -
19:17 - 19:20I know you mentioned that a keyboard
is a really key part of this. -
19:20 - 19:23DR: We're trying to develop
an interactive touch screen for dolphins. -
19:23 - 19:26This is sort of a continuation
of some of the earlier work, -
19:26 - 19:29and we just got our first seed
money today towards that, -
19:29 - 19:30so it's our first project.
-
19:30 - 19:32JC: Before the talk, even. DR: Yeah.
-
19:32 - 19:33JC: Wow. Well done.
-
19:33 - 19:36All right, well thank you
all so much for joining us. -
19:36 - 19:38It's such a delight
to have you on the stage. -
19:38 - 19:39DR: Thank you. VC: Thank you.
-
19:40 - 19:45(Applause)
- Title:
- The interspecies internet? An idea in progress
- Speaker:
- Diana Reiss, Peter Gabriel, Neil Gershenfeld and Vint Cerf
- Description:
-
Apes, dolphins and elephants are animals with remarkable communication skills. Could the Internet be expanded to include sentient species like them? A new and developing idea from a panel of four great thinkers -- dolphin researcher Diana Reiss, musician Peter Gabriel, internet of things visionary Neil Gershenfeld and Vint Cerf, one of the fathers of the Internet.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 20:01
Camille Martínez edited English subtitles for The interspecies internet? An idea in progress | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for The interspecies internet? An idea in progress | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for The interspecies internet? An idea in progress | ||
Thu-Huong Ha approved English subtitles for The interspecies internet? An idea in progress | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for The interspecies internet? An idea in progress | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for The interspecies internet? An idea in progress | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for The interspecies internet? An idea in progress | ||
Joseph Geni edited English subtitles for The interspecies internet? An idea in progress |