Want to be happier? Stay in the moment
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0:01 - 0:04So, people want a lot of things out of life,
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0:04 - 0:07but I think, more than anything else, they want happiness.
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0:07 - 0:11Aristotle called happiness "the chief good," the end
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0:11 - 0:14towards which all other things aim.
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0:14 - 0:20According to this view, the reason we want a big house
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0:20 - 0:22or a nice car
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0:22 - 0:24or a good job
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0:24 - 0:27isn't that these things are intrinsically valuable.
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0:27 - 0:29It's that we expect them to bring us
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0:29 - 0:31happiness.
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0:31 - 0:33Now in the last 50 years, we Americans have gotten
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0:33 - 0:35a lot of the things that we want. We're richer.
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0:35 - 0:38We live longer. We have access to technology
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0:38 - 0:41that would have seemed like science fiction
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0:41 - 0:43just a few years ago.
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0:43 - 0:45The paradox of happiness is that even though the
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0:45 - 0:48objective conditions of our lives have improved dramatically,
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0:48 - 0:52we haven't actually gotten any happier.
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0:52 - 0:55Maybe because these conventional notions of progress
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0:55 - 0:57haven't delivered big benefits in terms of happiness,
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0:57 - 0:59there's been an increased interest in recent years
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0:59 - 1:02in happiness itself.
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1:02 - 1:04People have been debating the causes of happiness
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1:04 - 1:06for a really long time, in fact for thousands of years,
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1:06 - 1:10but it seems like many of those debates remain unresolved.
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1:10 - 1:12Well, as with many other domains in life, I think
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1:12 - 1:15the scientific method has the potential to answer this question.
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1:15 - 1:18In fact, in the last few years, there's been an explosion
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1:18 - 1:20in research on happiness. For example, we've learned a lot
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1:20 - 1:24about its demographics, how things like income
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1:24 - 1:27and education, gender and marriage relate to it.
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1:27 - 1:29But one of the puzzles this has revealed is that
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1:29 - 1:32factors like these don't seem to have a particularly strong effect.
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1:32 - 1:35Yes, it's better to make more money rather than less,
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1:35 - 1:37or to graduate from college instead of dropping out,
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1:37 - 1:40but the differences in happiness tend to be small.
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1:40 - 1:44Which leaves the question, what are the big causes of happiness?
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1:44 - 1:47I think that's a question we haven't really answered yet,
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1:47 - 1:49but I think something that has the potential to be an answer
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1:49 - 1:52is that maybe happiness has an awful lot to do with
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1:52 - 1:55the contents of our moment-to-moment experiences.
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1:55 - 1:57It certainly seems that we're going about our lives,
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1:57 - 2:00that what we're doing, who we're with, what we're thinking about,
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2:00 - 2:03have a big influence on our happiness, and yet
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2:03 - 2:05these are the very factors that have been very difficult,
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2:05 - 2:07in fact almost impossible, for scientists to study.
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2:07 - 2:10A few years ago, I came up with a way to study people's happiness
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2:10 - 2:13moment to moment as they're going about their daily lives
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2:13 - 2:16on a massive scale all over the world, something we'd never
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2:16 - 2:19been able to do before. Called trackyourhappiness.org,
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2:19 - 2:23it uses the iPhone to monitor people's happiness in real time.
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2:23 - 2:26How does this work? Basically, I send people signals
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2:26 - 2:28at random points throughout the day, and then I ask them
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2:28 - 2:30a bunch of questions about their moment-to-moment experience
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2:30 - 2:33at the instant just before the signal.
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2:33 - 2:36The idea is that, if we can watch how people's happiness
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2:36 - 2:38goes up and down over the course of the day,
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2:38 - 2:40minute to minute in some cases,
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2:40 - 2:42and try to understand how what people are doing,
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2:42 - 2:45who they're with, what they're thinking about, and all
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2:45 - 2:47the other factors that describe our day, how those might
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2:47 - 2:50relate to those changes in happiness, we might be able
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2:50 - 2:52to discover some of the things that really have
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2:52 - 2:54a big influence on happiness.
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2:54 - 2:56We've been fortunate with this project to collect
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2:56 - 2:59quite a lot of data, a lot more data of this kind than I think
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2:59 - 3:01has ever been collected before,
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3:01 - 3:04over 650,000 real-time reports
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3:04 - 3:07from over 15,000 people.
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3:07 - 3:10And it's not just a lot of people, it's a really diverse group,
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3:10 - 3:14people from a wide range of ages, from 18 to late 80s,
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3:14 - 3:16a wide range of incomes, education levels,
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3:16 - 3:20people who are married, divorced, widowed, etc.
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3:20 - 3:22They collectively represent every one of
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3:22 - 3:2786 occupational categories and hail from over 80 countries.
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3:27 - 3:30What I'd like to do with the rest of my time with you today
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3:30 - 3:32is talk a little bit about one of the areas that we've been
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3:32 - 3:35investigating, and that's mind-wandering.
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3:35 - 3:37As human beings, we have this unique ability
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3:37 - 3:40to have our minds stray away from the present.
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3:40 - 3:42This guy is sitting here working on his computer,
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3:42 - 3:43and yet he could be thinking about
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3:43 - 3:46the vacation he had last month,
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3:46 - 3:48wondering what he's going to have for dinner.
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3:48 - 3:52Maybe he's worried that he's going bald. (Laughter)
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3:52 - 3:54This ability to focus our attention on something other
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3:54 - 3:58than the present is really amazing. It allows us to learn
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3:58 - 4:02and plan and reason in ways that no other species of animal can.
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4:02 - 4:05And yet it's not clear what the relationship is
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4:05 - 4:09between our use of this ability and our happiness.
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4:09 - 4:10You've probably heard people suggest that you should
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4:10 - 4:13stay focused on the present. "Be here now,"
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4:13 - 4:14you've probably heard a hundred times.
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4:14 - 4:17Maybe, to really be happy, we need to stay completely
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4:17 - 4:21immersed and focused on our experience in the moment.
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4:21 - 4:22Maybe these people are right. Maybe mind-wandering
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4:22 - 4:24is a bad thing.
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4:24 - 4:27On the other hand, when our minds wander,
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4:27 - 4:29they're unconstrained. We can't change the physical reality
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4:29 - 4:33in front of us, but we can go anywhere in our minds.
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4:33 - 4:34Since we know people want to be happy, maybe
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4:34 - 4:37when our minds wander, they're going to someplace happier than the place
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4:37 - 4:39that they're leaving. It would make a lot of sense.
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4:39 - 4:41In other words, maybe the pleasures of the mind
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4:41 - 4:45allow us to increase our happiness with mind-wandering.
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4:45 - 4:47Well, since I'm a scientist, I'd like to try to
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4:47 - 4:50resolve this debate with some data, and in particular
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4:50 - 4:52I'd like to present some data to you from three questions
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4:52 - 4:55that I ask with Track Your Happiness. Remember, this is from
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4:55 - 4:57sort of moment-to-moment experience in people's real lives.
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4:57 - 5:00There are three questions. The first one is a happiness question:
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5:00 - 5:03How do you feel, on a scale ranging from very bad
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5:03 - 5:07to very good? Second, an activity question:
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5:07 - 5:10What are you doing, on a list of 22 different activities
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5:10 - 5:13including things like eating and working and watching TV?
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5:13 - 5:17And finally a mind-wandering question:
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5:17 - 5:19Are you thinking about something other
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5:19 - 5:22than what you're currently doing?
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5:22 - 5:25People could say no -- in other words, I'm focused only on my task --
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5:25 - 5:28or yes -- I am thinking about something else --
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5:28 - 5:30and the topic of those thoughts are pleasant,
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5:30 - 5:32neutral or unpleasant.
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5:32 - 5:37Any of those yes responses are what we called mind-wandering.
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5:37 - 5:40So what did we find?
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5:40 - 5:42This graph shows happiness on the vertical axis,
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5:42 - 5:44and you can see that bar there representing how happy
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5:44 - 5:46people are when they're focused on the present,
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5:46 - 5:47when they're not mind-wandering.
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5:47 - 5:51As it turns out, people are substantially less happy
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5:51 - 5:56when their minds are wandering than when they're not.
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5:56 - 5:59Now you might look at this result and say, okay, sure,
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5:59 - 6:01on average people are less happy when they're mind-wandering,
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6:01 - 6:03but surely when their minds are straying away
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6:03 - 6:05from something that wasn't very enjoyable to begin with,
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6:05 - 6:09at least then mind-wandering should be doing something good for us.
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6:09 - 6:11Nope. As it turns out,
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6:11 - 6:13people are less happy when they're mind-wandering
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6:13 - 6:16no matter what they're doing. For example,
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6:16 - 6:18people don't really like commuting to work very much.
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6:18 - 6:21It's one of their least enjoyable activities, and yet
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6:21 - 6:23they are substantially happier when they're focused
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6:23 - 6:26only on their commute than when their mind is going
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6:26 - 6:29off to something else.
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6:29 - 6:31It's amazing.
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6:31 - 6:34So how could this be happening? I think part of the reason,
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6:34 - 6:37a big part of the reason, is that when our minds wander,
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6:37 - 6:40we often think about unpleasant things, and they are
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6:40 - 6:43enormously less happy when they do that,
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6:43 - 6:46our worries, our anxieties, our regrets,
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6:46 - 6:49and yet even when people are thinking about something
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6:49 - 6:52neutral, they're still considerably less happy
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6:52 - 6:54than when they're not mind-wandering at all.
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6:54 - 6:57Even when they're thinking about something they would describe as pleasant,
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6:57 - 6:59they're actually just slightly less happy
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6:59 - 7:02than when they aren't mind-wandering.
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7:02 - 7:04If mind-wandering were a slot machine, it would be like
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7:04 - 7:07having the chance to lose 50 dollars, 20 dollars
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7:07 - 7:13or one dollar. Right? You'd never want to play. (Laughter)
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7:13 - 7:16So I've been talking about this, suggesting, perhaps,
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7:16 - 7:19that mind-wandering causes unhappiness, but all
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7:19 - 7:22I've really shown you is that these two things are correlated.
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7:22 - 7:24It's possible that's the case, but it might also be the case
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7:24 - 7:27that when people are unhappy, then they mind-wander.
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7:27 - 7:29Maybe that's what's really going on. How could we ever
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7:29 - 7:32disentangle these two possibilites?
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7:32 - 7:35Well, one fact that we can take advantage of, I think a fact
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7:35 - 7:38you'll all agree is true, is that time goes forward, not
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7:38 - 7:42backward. Right? The cause has to come before the effect.
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7:42 - 7:45We're lucky in this data we have many responses from each person,
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7:45 - 7:48and so we can look and see, does mind-wandering
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7:48 - 7:51tend to precede unhappiness, or does unhappiness
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7:51 - 7:53tend to precede mind-wandering, to get some insight
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7:53 - 7:55into the causal direction.
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7:55 - 7:58As it turns out, there is a strong relationship between
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7:58 - 8:02mind-wandering now and being unhappy a short time later,
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8:02 - 8:06consistent with the idea that mind-wandering is causing people to be unhappy.
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8:06 - 8:09In contrast, there's no relationship between being unhappy
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8:09 - 8:12now and mind-wandering a short time later.
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8:12 - 8:14In other words, mind-wandering very likely seems to be
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8:14 - 8:20an actual cause, and not merely a consequence, of unhappiness.
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8:20 - 8:22A few minutes ago, I likened mind-wandering
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8:22 - 8:24to a slot machine you'd never want to play.
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8:24 - 8:27Well, how often do people's minds wander?
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8:27 - 8:31Turns out, they wander a lot. In fact, really a lot.
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8:31 - 8:34Forty-seven percent of the time, people are thinking
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8:34 - 8:37about something other than what they're currently doing.
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8:37 - 8:40How does that depend on what people are doing?
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8:40 - 8:42This shows the rate of mind-wandering across 22 activities
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8:42 - 8:46ranging from a high of 65 percent — (Laughter) —
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8:46 - 8:49when people are taking a shower, brushing their teeth,
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8:49 - 8:52to 50 percent when they're working,
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8:52 - 8:55to 40 percent when they're exercising,
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8:55 - 8:57all the way down to this one short bar on the right
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8:57 - 8:59that I think some of you are probably laughing at.
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8:59 - 9:01Ten percent of the time people's minds are wandering
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9:01 - 9:06when they're having sex. (Laughter)
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9:06 - 9:09But there's something I think that's quite interesting in this graph,
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9:09 - 9:12and that is, basically with one exception,
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9:12 - 9:14no matter what people are doing, they're mind-wandering
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9:14 - 9:18at least 30 percent of the time, which suggests, I think,
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9:18 - 9:20that mind-wandering isn't just frequent, it's ubiquitous.
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9:20 - 9:24It pervades basically everything that we do.
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9:24 - 9:27In my talk today, I've told you a little bit about mind-wandering,
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9:27 - 9:29a variable that I think turns out to be fairly important
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9:29 - 9:31in the equation for happiness.
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9:31 - 9:33My hope is that over time, by tracking people's
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9:33 - 9:36moment-to-moment happiness and their experiences
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9:36 - 9:40in daily life, we'll be able to uncover a lot of important causes of happiness,
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9:40 - 9:43and then in the end, a scientific understanding of happiness
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9:43 - 9:45will help us create a future that's not only richer
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9:45 - 9:48and healthier, but happier as well.
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9:48 - 9:51Thank you. (Applause)
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9:51 - 9:55(Applause)
- Title:
- Want to be happier? Stay in the moment
- Speaker:
- Matt Killingsworth
- Description:
-
When are humans most happy? To gather data on this question, Matt Killingsworth built an app, Track Your Happiness, that let people report their feelings in real time. Among the surprising results: We're often happiest when we're lost in the moment. And the flip side: The more our mind wanders, the less happy we can be. (Filmed at TEDxCambridge.)
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 10:16
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for Want to be happier? Stay in the moment | ||
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