Dare to disagree
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0:00 - 0:02In Oxford in the 1950s,
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0:02 - 0:06there was a fantastic doctor, who was very unusual,
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0:06 - 0:08named Alice Stewart.
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0:08 - 0:11And Alice was unusual partly because, of course,
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0:11 - 0:15she was a woman, which was pretty rare in the 1950s.
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0:15 - 0:17And she was brilliant, she was one of the,
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0:17 - 0:22at the time, the youngest Fellow to be elected to the Royal College of Physicians.
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0:22 - 0:25She was unusual too because she continued to work after she got married,
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0:25 - 0:27after she had kids,
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0:27 - 0:30and even after she got divorced and was a single parent,
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0:30 - 0:33she continued her medical work.
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0:33 - 0:37And she was unusual because she was really interested in a new science,
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0:37 - 0:40the emerging field of epidemiology,
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0:40 - 0:43the study of patterns in disease.
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0:43 - 0:45But like every scientist, she appreciated
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0:45 - 0:47that to make her mark, what she needed to do
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0:47 - 0:52was find a hard problem and solve it.
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0:52 - 0:54The hard problem that Alice chose
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0:54 - 0:58was the rising incidence of childhood cancers.
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0:58 - 1:00Most disease is correlated with poverty,
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1:00 - 1:02but in the case of childhood cancers,
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1:02 - 1:05the children who were dying seemed mostly to come
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1:05 - 1:07from affluent families.
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1:07 - 1:09So, what, she wanted to know,
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1:09 - 1:12could explain this anomaly?
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1:12 - 1:15Now, Alice had trouble getting funding for her research.
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1:15 - 1:17In the end, she got just 1,000 pounds
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1:17 - 1:19from the Lady Tata Memorial prize.
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1:19 - 1:22And that meant she knew she only had one shot
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1:22 - 1:24at collecting her data.
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1:24 - 1:26Now, she had no idea what to look for.
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1:26 - 1:29This really was a needle in a haystack sort of search,
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1:29 - 1:32so she asked everything she could think of.
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1:32 - 1:34Had the children eaten boiled sweets?
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1:34 - 1:36Had they consumed colored drinks?
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1:36 - 1:38Did they eat fish and chips?
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1:38 - 1:40Did they have indoor or outdoor plumbing?
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1:40 - 1:43What time of life had they started school?
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1:43 - 1:46And when her carbon copied questionnaire started to come back,
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1:46 - 1:49one thing and one thing only jumped out
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1:49 - 1:52with the statistical clarity of a kind that
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1:52 - 1:55most scientists can only dream of.
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1:55 - 1:57By a rate of two to one,
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1:57 - 1:59the children who had died
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1:59 - 2:05had had mothers who had been X-rayed when pregnant.
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2:05 - 2:09Now that finding flew in the face of conventional wisdom.
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2:09 - 2:11Conventional wisdom held
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2:11 - 2:15that everything was safe up to a point, a threshold.
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2:15 - 2:18It flew in the face of conventional wisdom,
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2:18 - 2:21which was huge enthusiasm for the cool new technology
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2:21 - 2:25of that age, which was the X-ray machine.
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2:25 - 2:29And it flew in the face of doctors' idea of themselves,
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2:29 - 2:33which was as people who helped patients,
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2:33 - 2:36they didn't harm them.
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2:36 - 2:39Nevertheless, Alice Stewart rushed to publish
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2:39 - 2:43her preliminary findings in The Lancet in 1956.
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2:43 - 2:47People got very excited, there was talk of the Nobel Prize,
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2:47 - 2:49and Alice really was in a big hurry
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2:49 - 2:53to try to study all the cases of childhood cancer she could find
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2:53 - 2:55before they disappeared.
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2:55 - 2:59In fact, she need not have hurried.
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2:59 - 3:03It was fully 25 years before the British and medical --
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3:03 - 3:06British and American medical establishments
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3:06 - 3:12abandoned the practice of X-raying pregnant women.
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3:12 - 3:18The data was out there, it was open, it was freely available,
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3:18 - 3:22but nobody wanted to know.
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3:22 - 3:25A child a week was dying,
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3:25 - 3:28but nothing changed.
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3:28 - 3:34Openness alone can't drive change.
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3:34 - 3:39So for 25 years Alice Stewart had a very big fight on her hands.
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3:39 - 3:43So, how did she know that she was right?
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3:43 - 3:46Well, she had a fantastic model for thinking.
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3:46 - 3:49She worked with a statistician named George Kneale,
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3:49 - 3:51and George was pretty much everything that Alice wasn't.
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3:51 - 3:54So, Alice was very outgoing and sociable,
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3:54 - 3:56and George was a recluse.
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3:56 - 4:00Alice was very warm, very empathetic with her patients.
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4:00 - 4:05George frankly preferred numbers to people.
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4:05 - 4:09But he said this fantastic thing about their working relationship.
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4:09 - 4:15He said, "My job is to prove Dr. Stewart wrong."
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4:15 - 4:18He actively sought disconfirmation.
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4:18 - 4:21Different ways of looking at her models,
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4:21 - 4:24at her statistics, different ways of crunching the data
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4:24 - 4:27in order to disprove her.
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4:27 - 4:33He saw his job as creating conflict around her theories.
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4:33 - 4:36Because it was only by not being able to prove
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4:36 - 4:38that she was wrong,
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4:38 - 4:41that George could give Alice the confidence she needed
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4:41 - 4:44to know that she was right.
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4:44 - 4:49It's a fantastic model of collaboration --
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4:49 - 4:54thinking partners who aren't echo chambers.
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4:54 - 4:56I wonder how many of us have,
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4:56 - 5:03or dare to have, such collaborators.
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5:03 - 5:07Alice and George were very good at conflict.
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5:07 - 5:10They saw it as thinking.
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5:10 - 5:14So what does that kind of constructive conflict require?
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5:14 - 5:18Well, first of all, it requires that we find people
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5:18 - 5:20who are very different from ourselves.
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5:20 - 5:25That means we have to resist the neurobiological drive,
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5:25 - 5:29which means that we really prefer people mostly like ourselves,
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5:29 - 5:31and it means we have to seek out people
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5:31 - 5:34with different backgrounds, different disciplines,
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5:34 - 5:38different ways of thinking and different experience,
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5:38 - 5:42and find ways to engage with them.
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5:42 - 5:47That requires a lot of patience and a lot of energy.
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5:47 - 5:48And the more I've thought about this,
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5:48 - 5:54the more I think, really, that that's a kind of love.
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5:54 - 5:57Because you simply won't commit that kind of energy
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5:57 - 6:01and time if you don't really care.
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6:01 - 6:06And it also means that we have to be prepared to change our minds.
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6:06 - 6:08Alice's daughter told me
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6:08 - 6:11that every time Alice went head-to-head with a fellow scientist,
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6:11 - 6:15they made her think and think and think again.
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6:15 - 6:19"My mother," she said, "My mother didn't enjoy a fight,
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6:19 - 6:25but she was really good at them."
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6:25 - 6:29So it's one thing to do that in a one-to-one relationship.
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6:29 - 6:32But it strikes me that the biggest problems we face,
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6:32 - 6:35many of the biggest disasters that we've experienced,
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6:35 - 6:37mostly haven't come from individuals,
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6:37 - 6:39they've come from organizations,
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6:39 - 6:41some of them bigger than countries,
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6:41 - 6:43many of them capable of affecting hundreds,
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6:43 - 6:47thousands, even millions of lives.
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6:47 - 6:51So how do organizations think?
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6:51 - 6:56Well, for the most part, they don't.
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6:56 - 6:59And that isn't because they don't want to,
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6:59 - 7:01it's really because they can't.
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7:01 - 7:04And they can't because the people inside of them
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7:04 - 7:08are too afraid of conflict.
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7:08 - 7:11In surveys of European and American executives,
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7:11 - 7:14fully 85 percent of them acknowledged
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7:14 - 7:18that they had issues or concerns at work
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7:18 - 7:21that they were afraid to raise.
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7:21 - 7:25Afraid of the conflict that that would provoke,
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7:25 - 7:27afraid to get embroiled in arguments
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7:27 - 7:29that they did not know how to manage,
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7:29 - 7:34and felt that they were bound to lose.
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7:34 - 7:40Eighty-five percent is a really big number.
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7:40 - 7:43It means that organizations mostly can't do
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7:43 - 7:45what George and Alice so triumphantly did.
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7:45 - 7:49They can't think together.
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7:49 - 7:52And it means that people like many of us,
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7:52 - 7:54who have run organizations,
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7:54 - 7:57and gone out of our way to try to find the very best people we can,
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7:57 - 8:04mostly fail to get the best out of them.
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8:04 - 8:07So how do we develop the skills that we need?
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8:07 - 8:11Because it does take skill and practice, too.
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8:11 - 8:14If we aren't going to be afraid of conflict,
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8:14 - 8:17we have to see it as thinking,
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8:17 - 8:21and then we have to get really good at it.
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8:21 - 8:25So, recently, I worked with an executive named Joe,
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8:25 - 8:29and Joe worked for a medical device company.
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8:29 - 8:32And Joe was very worried about the device that he was working on.
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8:32 - 8:35He thought that it was too complicated
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8:35 - 8:37and he thought that its complexity
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8:37 - 8:41created margins of error that could really hurt people.
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8:41 - 8:45He was afraid of doing damage to the patients he was trying to help.
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8:45 - 8:47But when he looked around his organization,
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8:47 - 8:52nobody else seemed to be at all worried.
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8:52 - 8:54So, he didn't really want to say anything.
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8:54 - 8:56After all, maybe they knew something he didn't.
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8:56 - 8:59Maybe he'd look stupid.
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8:59 - 9:01But he kept worrying about it,
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9:01 - 9:04and he worried about it so much that he got to the point
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9:04 - 9:06where he thought the only thing he could do
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9:06 - 9:11was leave a job he loved.
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9:11 - 9:15In the end, Joe and I found a way
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9:15 - 9:16for him to raise his concerns.
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9:16 - 9:19And what happened then is what almost always
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9:19 - 9:21happens in this situation.
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9:21 - 9:24It turned out everybody had exactly the same
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9:24 - 9:26questions and doubts.
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9:26 - 9:30So now Joe had allies. They could think together.
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9:30 - 9:33And yes, there was a lot of conflict and debate
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9:33 - 9:37and argument, but that allowed everyone around the table
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9:37 - 9:42to be creative, to solve the problem,
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9:42 - 9:46and to change the device.
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9:46 - 9:49Joe was what a lot of people might think of
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9:49 - 9:51as a whistle-blower,
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9:51 - 9:54except that like almost all whistle-blowers,
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9:54 - 9:57he wasn't a crank at all,
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9:57 - 10:00he was passionately devoted to the organization
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10:00 - 10:03and the higher purposes that that organization served.
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10:03 - 10:07But he had been so afraid of conflict,
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10:07 - 10:12until finally he became more afraid of the silence.
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10:12 - 10:14And when he dared to speak,
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10:14 - 10:18he discovered much more inside himself
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10:18 - 10:23and much more give in the system than he had ever imagined.
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10:23 - 10:26And his colleagues don't think of him as a crank.
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10:26 - 10:31They think of him as a leader.
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10:31 - 10:36So, how do we have these conversations more easily
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10:36 - 10:38and more often?
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10:38 - 10:40Well, the University of Delft
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10:40 - 10:42requires that its PhD students
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10:42 - 10:46have to submit five statements that they're prepared to defend.
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10:46 - 10:49It doesn't really matter what the statements are about,
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10:49 - 10:53what matters is that the candidates are willing and able
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10:53 - 10:56to stand up to authority.
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10:56 - 10:58I think it's a fantastic system,
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10:58 - 11:01but I think leaving it to PhD candidates
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11:01 - 11:05is far too few people, and way too late in life.
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11:05 - 11:08I think we need to be teaching these skills
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11:08 - 11:12to kids and adults at every stage of their development,
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11:12 - 11:15if we want to have thinking organizations
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11:15 - 11:18and a thinking society.
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11:18 - 11:24The fact is that most of the biggest catastrophes that we've witnessed
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11:24 - 11:30rarely come from information that is secret or hidden.
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11:30 - 11:35It comes from information that is freely available and out there,
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11:35 - 11:37but that we are willfully blind to,
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11:37 - 11:40because we can't handle, don't want to handle,
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11:40 - 11:44the conflict that it provokes.
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11:44 - 11:47But when we dare to break that silence,
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11:47 - 11:50or when we dare to see,
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11:50 - 11:52and we create conflict,
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11:52 - 11:55we enable ourselves and the people around us
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11:55 - 11:59to do our very best thinking.
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11:59 - 12:03Open information is fantastic,
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12:03 - 12:06open networks are essential.
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12:06 - 12:08But the truth won't set us free
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12:08 - 12:11until we develop the skills and the habit and the talent
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12:11 - 12:16and the moral courage to use it.
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12:16 - 12:19Openness isn't the end.
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12:19 - 12:22It's the beginning.
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12:22 - 12:33(Applause)
- Title:
- Dare to disagree
- Speaker:
- Margaret Heffernan
- Description:
-
Most people instinctively avoid conflict, but as Margaret Heffernan shows us, good disagreement is central to progress. She illustrates (sometimes counterintuitively) how the best partners aren’t echo chambers -- and how great research teams, relationships and businesses allow people to deeply disagree.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 12:56
Silvia Fornasiero edited English subtitles for Dare to disagree | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for Dare to disagree | ||
Thu-Huong Ha approved English subtitles for Dare to disagree | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for Dare to disagree | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for Dare to disagree | ||
Morton Bast accepted English subtitles for Dare to disagree | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for Dare to disagree | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for Dare to disagree |