Self Control - Dan Ariely at TEDxDuke
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0:20 - 0:22Self control.
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0:22 - 0:23So, you must be thinking
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0:23 - 0:26"What do you have to do
with problems of self control?" -
0:26 - 0:27Let's take a little survey:
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0:27 - 0:29How many people here in the last week
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0:29 - 0:34have procrastinated more
than you wish you would? -
0:34 - 0:36How many people have
exercised in the last week -
0:36 - 0:39less than you wish you would?
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0:39 - 0:43Have eaten more than you wish you would?
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0:43 - 0:46Have had more unprotected sex
than you wish you would? -
0:46 - 0:51(Laughter)
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0:51 - 0:53So, I want to talk a little bit about self-control
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0:53 - 0:55and self control is basically the problems that
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0:55 - 0:58we have all this desire from ourselves for the long-term,
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0:58 - 1:01but then in the short-term we do very different things.
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1:01 - 1:03And to get us thinking about this, I want to tell you about
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1:03 - 1:06one of my biggest challenge with self-control.
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1:06 - 1:08So, I was in a hospital for a long time
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1:08 - 1:09and one of those things I got in hospital was
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1:09 - 1:12a particular version of hepatitis.
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1:12 - 1:14I got a bad blood transfusion and I
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1:14 - 1:17got a liver disease as a consequence.
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1:17 - 1:19And from time to time the liver disease would flur up
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1:19 - 1:22and I would get even sicker than I was anyway
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1:22 - 1:24and this was very unpleasant.
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1:24 - 1:27And about 7 years after I was
already out of the hospital, -
1:27 - 1:29after my injury, I had
another one of those episodes -
1:29 - 1:33I checked myself into a hospital
and they told me I had hepatitis C. -
1:33 - 1:38And the good news was that
the FDA was running a clinical trial -
1:38 - 1:40to figure out whether interfere on
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1:40 - 1:42and medication that was originally approved for
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1:42 - 1:46hairy cell leukemia was going to be
successful for treating hepatitis C. -
1:46 - 1:49So I said, "What would happen
if I don't join this trial?" -
1:49 - 1:53They said, "Well, you have a good chance
of dying of a liver cirrhosis -
1:53 - 1:55and it's not a good thing."
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1:55 - 1:59So, I took the medication.
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1:59 - 2:02And these injections were kind of
the essence of self-control. -
2:02 - 2:06I had to get myself three injections
a week for a year and a half. -
2:06 - 2:08And if I did it for a year and a half,
there was a chance that -
2:08 - 2:12I might not have liver cirrhosis
thirty years down the road. -
2:12 - 2:14But if I took the medication,
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2:14 - 2:18for sure I will be sick for about the next 16 hours,
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2:18 - 2:22think something like headache,
vomiting, shaking, stuff like that. -
2:22 - 2:25Not really terrible compared to liver cirrhosis,
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2:25 - 2:27but unpleasant and immediate.
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2:27 - 2:30And the fact is that when we are
facing those decisions -
2:30 - 2:33between something that is
immediate and unpleasant -
2:33 - 2:35versus something that is good, really good
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2:35 - 2:38but in the long-term future,
we often over-focus on the present -
2:38 - 2:42and sacrifice the future. So, anyway,
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2:42 - 2:45this is, of course, not a new problem. We all face this.
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2:45 - 2:48This is the problem of Adam and Eve.
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2:48 - 2:50You can say, "Who in the right mind
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2:50 - 2:54will ever give an apple for eternity
in the garden of Eden?" -
2:54 - 2:57What a crazy trade-off.
But there's a modern version of this -
2:57 - 3:02you can say, "Who in the right mind will ever do this?"
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3:02 - 3:04(Laughter)
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3:04 - 3:08How many people here ever texted while driving?
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3:08 - 3:09I mean, it's an incredible thing, right?
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3:09 - 3:12And you say it's not the case
that you said to yourself, -
3:12 - 3:15"How much do I enjoy living?"
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3:15 - 3:18"How much do I not want to kill other people?"
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3:18 - 3:19(Laughter)
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3:19 - 3:22"How important is this text message right now?"
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3:22 - 3:24And you said, "Yes, let me do this."
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3:24 - 3:26No, instead what happened is that
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3:26 - 3:30the impulse to answer this vibrating
phone or to answer the ring -
3:30 - 3:35overtakes us and we do lots
of bad things as a consequence. -
3:35 - 3:38So think about it the following way.
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3:38 - 3:43Imagine I gave you a choice between
half a box of chocolate right now -
3:43 - 3:46or a full box of chocolate in a week.
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3:46 - 3:50And I took this fantastic
Lindt chocolate and -
3:50 - 3:53I passed it around and
you could see it and smell it -
3:53 - 3:57and you could choose between
a half box of chocolate now -
3:57 - 3:59or a full box of chocolate in a week.
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3:59 - 4:03How many people in those conditions
would delay the choice, -
4:03 - 4:07say, I'll wait another week for another
half a box of chocolate? -
4:07 - 4:09Wave a few hands and I'm willing to bet that
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4:09 - 4:11if we actually had the chocolate passing around
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4:11 - 4:14(Laughter) there would be few of those.
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4:14 - 4:17But most people say,
"Give me the chocolate now, -
4:17 - 4:19I'll take less chocolate now than more later."
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4:19 - 4:22Imagine I pushed the choice to the future and I said,
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4:22 - 4:28"What would you rather have:
a half of box of chocolate in a year -
4:28 - 4:31or a full box of chocolate in a year and a week?"
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4:31 - 4:32Now realize it's the same choice.
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4:32 - 4:35It's asking, whether you'd be willing to wait a week
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4:35 - 4:37for a half of box of chocolate,
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4:37 - 4:40but in this case, when both choices are in the future.
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4:40 - 4:44How many people would wait
another week for a full box of chocolate? -
4:44 - 4:48Everybody, right? Because in the future
we are wonderful people! -
4:48 - 4:53(Laughter)
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4:53 - 4:56We will be patient,
we will not procrastinate, -
4:56 - 4:59we'll take our medication on time,
we will exercise, we will eat. -
4:59 - 5:03The problem is that we never
get to live in that future. -
5:03 - 5:04We always live in the present
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5:04 - 5:09and in the present we're not
exactly that wonderful people. -
5:09 - 5:11So that's a problem with how
we treat present and future. -
5:11 - 5:16So going back to my case,
I took this medication, -
5:16 - 5:20the trial was here when
I was a student at Duke. -
5:20 - 5:22When I finished -
they told me the good news: -
5:22 - 5:25I got rid of my liver disease,
that was fantastic news. -
5:25 - 5:28The second news was
that I was the only person -
5:28 - 5:32in this FDA protocol who always
took their medication on time. -
5:32 - 5:33The question is: How?
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5:33 - 5:36Do I have more patience and self-control?
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5:36 - 5:39Do I care more about my future?
And the answer is no. -
5:39 - 5:43But the answer is that I developed
a little trick for myself. -
5:43 - 5:45And my trick is that I love movies.
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5:45 - 5:48If I had time, I would watch lots and lots of movies.
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5:48 - 5:51But I don't have much time and
I don't watch that many movies. -
5:51 - 5:55But on Monday, Wednesday and Friday
- which were the injection days - -
5:55 - 5:57on the way to school I would stop in the video store,
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5:57 - 5:59I would rent a few videos I wanted to watch,
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5:59 - 6:02I would carry them in my backpack the whole day
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6:02 - 6:04anticipating watching them,
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6:04 - 6:08I would get home, I would inject myself
and I would put a movie in, -
6:08 - 6:11I would get the bucket and
the blanket for the side effects, -
6:11 - 6:13but I took the injection immediately,
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6:13 - 6:16I didn't wait for the side-effects to start
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6:16 - 6:19I connected something good with something bad
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6:19 - 6:22and this together with a fact that I don't
have a particularly good memory - -
6:22 - 6:29so I could watch the same movies
over and over (Laughter) -
6:29 - 6:31sustained me through this long time.
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6:31 - 6:33Now let's think about this.
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6:33 - 6:36If we just thought of what is important in life,
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6:36 - 6:39we would say that livers are really important.
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6:39 - 6:40(Laughter)
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6:40 - 6:43Nobody could question that.
We would also say that -
6:43 - 6:47side-effects of the medication are not
that important, relatively speaking. -
6:47 - 6:50And this difference in importance
should have motivated me and -
6:50 - 6:54every other patient in the protocol
to take our medication on time. -
6:54 - 6:57But the problem is that this is not how we view life.
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6:57 - 6:59There's also a time domain.
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6:59 - 7:01And the liver is not affecting us right now,
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7:01 - 7:03it will be long term in the future.
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7:03 - 7:06And because of that, it is vastly discounted.
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7:06 - 7:10And the injections are now,
which becomes much more focal, -
7:10 - 7:15and central, and take more control over our lives.
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7:15 - 7:19Now, what was my trick?
Did my trick get me to start caring -
7:19 - 7:22about my liver? No, in fact, I substituted
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7:22 - 7:24it with videos. It's kind of crazy because
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7:24 - 7:28videos are even less important than side-effects.
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7:28 - 7:31We call this reward-substitution.
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7:31 - 7:33And the idea is that there are many things in life,
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7:33 - 7:38particularly, delayed rewards that
we're not designed to care about. -
7:38 - 7:40So can we get people to get excited about them?
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7:40 - 7:42Very unlikely.
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7:42 - 7:44Think about something like global warming.
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7:44 - 7:46Can we ever get people to wake up in the morning
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7:46 - 7:49and feel really excited about
solving global warming today? -
7:49 - 7:54Very unlikely aside from a few [unclear].
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7:54 - 7:56I mean it's just not going to happen.
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7:56 - 7:59Actually it's worse than that.
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7:59 - 8:00Because if you thought the other way,
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8:00 - 8:02and you said, let me create a problem
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8:02 - 8:05that people would not care about, that would maximize
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8:05 - 8:09human apathy, you would come up with global warming.
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8:09 - 8:13(Laughter)
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8:13 - 8:17Think about all the reasons: long term in the future,
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8:17 - 8:19will happen to other people first,
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8:19 - 8:22we don't see it progressing,
we don't see anybody suffering, -
8:22 - 8:24anything we can do is a drop in a bucket.
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8:24 - 8:29Can we really care? No. So what can we do?
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8:29 - 8:31Can we do something like reward substitution?
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8:31 - 8:34Can we get people to care or to behave as if they care
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8:34 - 8:36because they care about something else?
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8:36 - 8:38This thing is actually part of the solution, right?
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8:38 - 8:42If you think about what makes
the Toyota Prius so successful, -
8:42 - 8:44my non-scientific observation is that
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8:44 - 8:46when you watch people who drive Toyota Priuses,
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8:46 - 8:49they smile more than other people.
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8:49 - 8:51(Laughter) And I think for a good reason: they drive
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8:51 - 8:52and they say to themselves:
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8:52 - 8:54"Look at me, I'm a wonderful human being!"
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8:54 - 8:57([Laughter)
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8:57 - 8:59"And not only that. Other people can see me
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8:59 - 9:03and they recognize what a wonderful human being I am."
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9:03 - 9:05Can we do the same thing with our heating systems
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9:05 - 9:08or can we do the same thing with
how much insulation we have in our attic -
9:08 - 9:11or what kind of temperature we keep
our houses on in winter and in summer? -
9:11 - 9:15I think that one solution to self-control problem in general
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9:15 - 9:18is reward substitution. It's taking the environment
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9:18 - 9:20and changing it and getting people
to behave in the right way -
9:20 - 9:24because of the wrong reason.
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9:24 - 9:26The second solution I want to talk to you about
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9:26 - 9:29is called "self-control contract".
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9:29 - 9:31This goes back to the story of Ulysses and the Sirens.
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9:31 - 9:32So if you remember the story,
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9:32 - 9:35Ulysses knew that when the sirens come he will be temped,
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9:35 - 9:37so he tied himself to the mast,
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9:37 - 9:39asked his men to tie themselves to the mast
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9:39 - 9:41and to put beeswax in their ears,
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9:41 - 9:43so that they wouldn't be tempted, either.
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9:43 - 9:47Now what's this situation?
It's not exactly reward substitution. -
9:47 - 9:50It's a situation in which we know we will be tempted.
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9:50 - 9:54And we're doing something to make
[ourselves] not able to be temped. -
9:54 - 9:57That's another version of dealing with self-control.
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9:57 - 9:58Now before we talk about people,
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9:58 - 10:02let's think about rats and pigeons for a few minutes.
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10:02 - 10:05So imagine you're a rat or a pigeon
and I teach you for a while -
10:05 - 10:09that the green button means
one pellet of food immediately -
10:09 - 10:13and the purple button means
you have to wait 10 seconds -
10:13 - 10:15and then you then get 10 pellets of food.
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10:15 - 10:16I teach you this for a long time:
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10:16 - 10:20green - 1, purple - 10; you learn this
and then I give you both -
10:20 - 10:23and I say, "What would you
rather have: green or purple?" -
10:23 - 10:27Now, realize that for a rat 10 seconds
is like a week for us. -
10:27 - 10:28(Laughter) Really long time.
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10:28 - 10:32So what do you think they choose?
They choose the green. -
10:32 - 10:34Not so good. It actually gets a little worse.
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10:34 - 10:36You start the trial, the purple button appears
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10:36 - 10:37they press on it.
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10:37 - 10:40A couple of seconds pass,
the green button appears. -
10:40 - 10:43If they can only hold off and not press on anything,
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10:43 - 10:46they'll get 10 pellet of food, but they can't.
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10:46 - 10:50They press on the green and they get
1 pennant instead of 10. -
10:50 - 10:52But there's one interesting version:
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10:52 - 10:54the trial starts, the purple button appears,
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10:54 - 10:58they press on it, a second passes a red button appears.
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10:58 - 11:00And the red button does nothing good.
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11:00 - 11:02There's no food connected to it, and rats and pigeons
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11:02 - 11:05don't enjoy pressing buttons particularly.
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11:05 - 11:08(Laughter)
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11:08 - 11:13But what this red button does
is to turn off the green button. -
11:13 - 11:15It's the Ulysses contract, it means that
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11:15 - 11:18the rat and pigeon can do
something that they don't like -
11:18 - 11:21to make sure that they're not tempted
in the future to do something bad. -
11:21 - 11:24What do you think? Will they have enough insight,
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11:24 - 11:28enough foresight, enough self-control ability to do that?
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11:28 - 11:30It doesn't seem like it, but they do.
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11:30 - 11:32Not all the time, but they often do.
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11:32 - 11:34And the thing is very optimistic on two grounds.
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11:34 - 11:37First of all, if they can do it, maybe we can do it, too.
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11:37 - 11:39(Laughter) And the second thing is
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11:39 - 11:42it's all about design the red buttons.
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11:42 - 11:45If we're face with temptation with no tools to overcome it
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11:45 - 11:48we're going to fail much like rats and pigeons.
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11:48 - 11:51But if we create something that allows us
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11:51 - 11:53to bypass temptation - like Ulysses contract -
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11:53 - 11:57maybe we have some hope,
maybe we can overcome temptation. -
11:57 - 11:59So let me show you a couple of mechanisms for this.
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11:59 - 12:03A 'Clocky' was a a clock invented by one of the students
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12:03 - 12:06in the Media lab, and it's a clock that has 2 big wheels
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12:06 - 12:09that start running at slightly different speeds.
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12:09 - 12:10And what happens?
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12:10 - 12:12When you go to sleep at night,
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12:12 - 12:15in your mind you're the kind of person
who wakes up at 6 o'clock in the morning -
12:15 - 12:18and go for a run, go to the gym.
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12:18 - 12:21When the alarm set goes off
at 6 o'clock in the morning -
12:21 - 12:25you are no longer that person. (Laughter)
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12:25 - 12:27You're the kind of person that sleeps until 8
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12:27 - 12:30and drag yourself to a class at the last few moments
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12:30 - 12:32or maybe a little later.
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12:32 - 12:33If you get this clock, what happens?
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12:33 - 12:36At 6 o'clock in the morning when the alarm sets off,
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12:36 - 12:39the "Clocky" also starts running in the room.
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12:39 - 12:41And because it has asynchronous wheels
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12:41 - 12:43you never know where you have to find it.
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12:43 - 12:47You have to get up, you have to
crawl under things, search for it. -
12:47 - 12:48(Laughter)
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12:48 - 12:51There is no way not to get up if you have this thing.
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12:51 - 12:54So what you're doing is you're basically
forcing your future self, -
12:54 - 12:56you're forcing the 6 a.m. person
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12:56 - 13:00to do something that you want him to do.
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13:00 - 13:02This is an even more extreme version of this.
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13:02 - 13:05It's an alarm clock that is connected to your bank account.
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13:05 - 13:12(Laughter)
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13:12 - 13:15You see the potential, right? So it's connected to
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13:15 - 13:19your bank account and to the charity you hate.
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13:19 - 13:25(Laughter)
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13:25 - 13:27Now, think about this.
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13:27 - 13:31Alarm clock goes off and you really want to snooze
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13:31 - 13:34but every second you snooze,
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13:34 - 13:38money goes to the charity you hate. (Laughter)
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13:38 - 13:40Now if it's the charity you like you can snooze
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13:40 - 13:42and feel you're doing something good for the world.
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13:42 - 13:45But if you set it up correctly,
it would annoy you so much that -
13:45 - 13:49you turn it off very quickly and you will get up.
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13:49 - 13:52StickK is an interesting website
designed by two chubby economists -
13:52 - 13:55that wanted to lose weight.
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13:55 - 13:58And they created a bet against
themselves for a lot of money. -
13:58 - 14:01And this website actually helps
people create contracts against -
14:01 - 14:05each other. This is a curious website.
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14:05 - 14:09If you install this software on your laptop or your computer,
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14:09 - 14:13it would alert people when you watch pornography.
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14:13 - 14:18(Laughter)
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14:18 - 14:24It would also alert them if you uninstall the software.
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14:24 - 14:25So what is the point?
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14:25 - 14:30The point is that we have lots of
Adam and Eve temptations. -
14:30 - 14:31Lots of things around us,
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14:31 - 14:35lots of fast food and Facebook.
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14:35 - 14:40Lots of things are aiming for our attention, time and money
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14:40 - 14:44and food consumption. Everything right now.
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14:44 - 14:48And because of that the amount
of temptation around it-s just incredible. -
14:48 - 14:51There's an analysis that about 70 years ago
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14:51 - 14:55about 10% of the human deaths were caused by
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14:55 - 14:56bad decision-making.
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14:56 - 14:57How could you die in the past?
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14:57 - 15:00You could make some mistakes.
Industrial accidents and so on. -
15:00 - 15:04Now it's about 50%. Smoking, obesity, car accidents.
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15:04 - 15:07We're just creating lots of ways for us to fail,
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15:07 - 15:09lots of temptation, lots of ways for us to fail.
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15:09 - 15:12Now with all those temptation and all of this problems,
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15:12 - 15:15it would really be nice if we could all come up with
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15:15 - 15:18our own Ulysses contract, if we could
all come with a red button, -
15:18 - 15:21with our solutions of how to overcome these problems.
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15:21 - 15:24It's very hard to come up with all those things ourselves.
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15:24 - 15:27The good news is there's technology around,
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15:27 - 15:30there's hardware, there's software,
there's all kinds of ways to think -
15:30 - 15:33if people have as the fundamental problem,
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15:33 - 15:36the problem of self-control, what can we do to help?
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15:36 - 15:38What kind of hardware can we built to help,
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15:38 - 15:40what kind of software we can build.
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15:40 - 15:44I think it's a big key to success and to moving forward.
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15:44 - 15:47I do want to leave you with one story that kind of explains
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15:47 - 15:48how complex this is.
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15:48 - 15:52There was a program in Denver
called "the Denver Drug Program". -
15:52 - 15:54And the ideas was that if you're a heroin addict
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15:54 - 15:58you could come to this organization,
and they would ask you to -
15:58 - 16:02write a self-incriminating letter about your drug habit.
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16:02 - 16:04And they would ask you to address it to the person
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16:04 - 16:07you fear most would find about your drug addicion.
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16:07 - 16:09So I would write to my mother and I would say,
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16:09 - 16:11"Dear mom, I'm really sorry to tell you.
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16:11 - 16:14I have a heroin habit. Love, Dan"
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16:14 - 16:16And this organization would take the letter,
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16:16 - 16:18they would fold it, put it into an envelope,
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16:18 - 16:20would address it to my mother,
they would put a stamp on it -
16:20 - 16:22and they would hold it in trust.
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16:22 - 16:24And they would come from time to time and check
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16:24 - 16:27my blood level. And if I ever had residue
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16:27 - 16:30of heroin, they would mail the letter away.
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16:30 - 16:32Now this is the idea that we can do something
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16:32 - 16:33that is so big and so frightening,
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16:33 - 16:36the moment that we want to overcome our temptation
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16:36 - 16:38that we could implement something
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16:38 - 16:40that would later control our behaviour.
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16:40 - 16:44By the way, what do you think happened
when people started craving drugs? -
16:44 - 16:46They came to this organization and said, "I want out!"
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16:46 - 16:50And what did this organization say?
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16:50 - 16:52"You can be out in 3 weeks, but for the next 3 weeks
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16:52 - 16:56we know you're craving, we will check
your blood level every day." -
16:56 - 16:59And 3 weeks were enough time for most people to get clean.
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16:59 - 17:03Now eventually they had to cancel this organization because
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17:03 - 17:06of human rights violation. (Laughter)
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17:06 - 17:10Because if you think about
the Ulysses problem, the only way -
17:10 - 17:14this mechanisms work is that we force people in,
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17:14 - 17:17and let them go in without letting them get out, right?
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17:17 - 17:19Because if you can get out, it doesn't work any more,
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17:19 - 17:23it creates a big challenge on what
do we think about human freedom. -
17:23 - 17:25So the two thoughts I want to leave with you is:
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17:25 - 17:28How do we design a world to help us overcome
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17:28 - 17:32our temptation and how do we do it without obstructing
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17:32 - 17:35too much with our human freedom and rights.
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17:35 - 17:36And thanks.
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17:36 - 17:37(Applause)
- Title:
- Self Control - Dan Ariely at TEDxDuke
- Description:
-
One of the challenges of human life is what's good for us in the long term often doesn't seem good for us right now. Dieting, for example, is not so much fun now, but good for the future; the same goes for saving money or submitting to preventive medical tests. When we face such tradeoffs, we often focus on the short term rather than our long-terms goals, and in the process we get ourselves into trouble. But wait! There is hope. By understanding where we fall short, Dan Ariely shows us that there are methods we can use to overcome our natural (and less than desirable) inclinations.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 17:48
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for Self Control - Dan Ariely at TEDxDuke | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for Self Control - Dan Ariely at TEDxDuke | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for Self Control - Dan Ariely at TEDxDuke | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for Self Control - Dan Ariely at TEDxDuke | ||
Ivana Korom approved English subtitles for Self Control - Dan Ariely at TEDxDuke | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for Self Control - Dan Ariely at TEDxDuke | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for Self Control - Dan Ariely at TEDxDuke | ||
Diba Szamosi accepted English subtitles for Self Control - Dan Ariely at TEDxDuke |