A Saudi woman who dared to drive
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0:01 - 0:06Allow me to start this talk with a question to everyone.
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0:06 - 0:08You know that all over the world,
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0:08 - 0:11people fight for their freedom,
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0:11 - 0:13fight for their rights.
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0:13 - 0:16Some battle oppressive governments.
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0:16 - 0:21Others battle oppressive societies.
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0:21 - 0:25Which battle do you think is harder?
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0:25 - 0:27Allow me to try to answer this question
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0:27 - 0:30in the few coming minutes.
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0:30 - 0:36Let me take you back two years ago in my life.
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0:36 - 0:39It was the bedtime of my son, Aboody.
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0:39 - 0:42He was five at the time.
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0:42 - 0:44After finishing his bedtime rituals,
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0:44 - 0:48he looked at me and he asked a question:
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0:48 - 0:52"Mommy, are we bad people?"
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0:52 - 0:54I was shocked.
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0:54 - 0:57"Why do you say such things, Aboody?"
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0:57 - 1:00Earlier that day, I noticed some bruises
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1:00 - 1:02on his face when he came from school.
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1:02 - 1:04He wouldn't tell me what happened.
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1:04 - 1:08[But now] he was ready to tell.
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1:08 - 1:11"Two boys hit me today in school.
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1:11 - 1:14They told me, 'We saw your mom on Facebook.
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1:14 - 1:19You and your mom should be put in jail.'"
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1:19 - 1:22I've never been afraid to tell Aboody anything.
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1:22 - 1:27I've been always a proud woman of my achievements.
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1:27 - 1:29But those questioning eyes of my son
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1:29 - 1:32were my moment of truth,
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1:32 - 1:36when it all came together.
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1:36 - 1:40You see, I'm a Saudi woman who had been put in jail
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1:40 - 1:42for driving a car in a country
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1:42 - 1:47where women are not supposed to drive cars.
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1:47 - 1:50Just for giving me his car keys,
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1:50 - 1:53my own brother was detained twice,
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1:53 - 1:55and he was harassed to the point he had
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1:55 - 1:57to quit his job as a geologist,
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1:57 - 2:00leave the country with his wife and two-year-old son.
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2:00 - 2:03My father had to sit in a Friday sermon
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2:03 - 2:06listening to the imam condemning women drivers
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2:06 - 2:08and calling them prostitutes
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2:08 - 2:11amongst tons of worshippers,
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2:11 - 2:15some of them our friends and family of my own father.
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2:15 - 2:18I was faced with an organized defamation campaign
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2:18 - 2:21in the local media combined with false rumors
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2:21 - 2:24shared in family gatherings, in the streets
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2:24 - 2:27and in schools.
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2:27 - 2:29It all hit me.
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2:29 - 2:32It came into focus that those kids
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2:32 - 2:34did not mean to be rude to my son.
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2:34 - 2:38They were just influenced by the adults around them.
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2:38 - 2:41And it wasn't about me, and it wasn't a punishment
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2:41 - 2:45for taking the wheel and driving a few miles.
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2:45 - 2:48It was a punishment for daring to challenge
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2:48 - 2:52the society's rules.
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2:52 - 2:56But my story goes beyond this moment of truth of mine.
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2:56 - 3:00Allow me to give you a briefing
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3:00 - 3:02about my story.
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3:02 - 3:04It was May, 2011,
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3:04 - 3:06and I was complaining to a work colleague
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3:06 - 3:08about the harassments I had to face
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3:08 - 3:10trying to find a ride back home,
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3:10 - 3:13although I have a car and an international driver's license.
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3:13 - 3:15As long as I've known, women in Saudi Arabia
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3:15 - 3:18have been always complaining about the ban,
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3:18 - 3:20but it's been 20 years since anyone
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3:20 - 3:22tried to do anything about it,
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3:22 - 3:25a whole generation ago.
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3:25 - 3:27He broke the good/bad news in my face.
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3:27 - 3:30"But there is no law banning you from driving."
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3:30 - 3:32I looked it up, and he was right.
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3:32 - 3:35There wasn't an actual law in Saudi Arabia.
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3:35 - 3:37It was just a custom and traditions
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3:37 - 3:41that are enshrined in rigid religious fatwas
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3:41 - 3:43and imposed on women.
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3:43 - 3:46That realization ignited the idea of June 17,
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3:46 - 3:48where we encouraged women to take the wheel
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3:48 - 3:51and go drive.
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3:51 - 3:55It was a few weeks later, we started receiving all these
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3:55 - 3:58"Man wolves will rape you if you go and drive."
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3:58 - 4:01A courageous woman, her name is Najla Hariri,
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4:01 - 4:04she's a Saudi woman in the city of Jeddah,
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4:04 - 4:05she drove a car and she announced
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4:05 - 4:07but she didn't record a video.
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4:07 - 4:09We needed proof.
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4:09 - 4:12So I drove. I posted a video on YouTube.
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4:12 - 4:13And to my surprise,
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4:13 - 4:16it got hundreds of thousands of views the first day.
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4:16 - 4:18What happened next, of course?
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4:18 - 4:20I started receiving threats
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4:20 - 4:25to be killed, raped, just to stop this campaign.
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4:25 - 4:28The Saudi authorities remained very quiet.
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4:28 - 4:30That really creeped us out.
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4:30 - 4:32I was in the campaign with other Saudi women
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4:32 - 4:34and even men activists.
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4:34 - 4:37We wanted to know how the authorities
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4:37 - 4:40would respond on the actual day, June 17,
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4:40 - 4:42when women go out and drive.
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4:42 - 4:44So this time I asked my brother
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4:44 - 4:46to come with me and drive by a police car.
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4:46 - 4:49It went fast. We were arrested,
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4:49 - 4:53signed a pledge not to drive again, released.
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4:53 - 4:56Arrested again, he was sent to detention for one day,
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4:56 - 4:58and I was sent to jail.
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4:58 - 5:00I wasn't sure why I was sent there,
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5:00 - 5:03because I didn't face any charges in the interrogation.
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5:03 - 5:05But what I was sure of was my innocence.
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5:05 - 5:08I didn't break a law, and I kept my abaya
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5:08 - 5:12— it's a black cloak we wear in Saudi Arabia before we leave the house —
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5:12 - 5:15and my fellow prisoners kept asking me to take it off,
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5:15 - 5:17but I was so sure of my innocence, I kept saying,
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5:17 - 5:20"No, I'm leaving today."
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5:20 - 5:23Outside the jail, the whole country went into a frenzy,
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5:23 - 5:25some attacking me badly,
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5:25 - 5:29and others supportive and even collecting signatures
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5:29 - 5:33in a petition to be sent to the king to release me.
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5:33 - 5:35I was released after nine days.
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5:35 - 5:38June 17 comes.
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5:38 - 5:40The streets were packed with police cars
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5:40 - 5:43and religious police cars,
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5:43 - 5:45but some hundred brave Saudi women
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5:45 - 5:47broke the ban and drove that day.
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5:47 - 5:50None were arrested. We broke the taboo.
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5:50 - 5:55(Applause)
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6:00 - 6:04So I think by now, everyone knows that we can't drive,
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6:04 - 6:06or women are not allowed to drive, in Saudi Arabia,
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6:06 - 6:08but maybe few know why.
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6:08 - 6:11Allow me to help you answer this question.
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6:11 - 6:14There was this official study
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6:14 - 6:16that was presented to the Shura Council --
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6:16 - 6:18it's the consultative council appointed
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6:18 - 6:20by the king in Saudi Arabia —
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6:20 - 6:22and it was done by a local professor,
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6:22 - 6:24a university professor.
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6:24 - 6:28He claims it's done based on a UNESCO study.
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6:28 - 6:31And the study states,
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6:31 - 6:35the percentage of rape, adultery,
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6:35 - 6:38illegitimate children, even drug abuse,
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6:38 - 6:41prostitution in countries where women drive
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6:41 - 6:45is higher than countries where women don't drive.
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6:45 - 6:46(Laughter)
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6:46 - 6:48I know, I was like this, I was shocked.
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6:48 - 6:51I was like, "We are the last country in the world
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6:51 - 6:53where women don't drive."
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6:53 - 6:55So if you look at the map of the world,
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6:55 - 6:57that only leaves two countries:
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6:57 - 7:01Saudi Arabia, and the other society is the rest of the world.
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7:01 - 7:04We started a hashtag on Twitter mocking the study,
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7:04 - 7:07and it made headlines around the world.
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7:07 - 7:08[BBC News: 'End of virginity' if women drive, Saudi cleric warns]
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7:08 - 7:10(Laughter)
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7:10 - 7:12And only then we realized it's so empowering
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7:12 - 7:14to mock your oppressor.
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7:14 - 7:18It strips it away of its strongest weapon: fear.
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7:18 - 7:22This system is based on ultra-conservative
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7:22 - 7:24traditions and customs
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7:24 - 7:27that deal with women as if they are inferior
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7:27 - 7:29and they need a guardian to protect them,
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7:29 - 7:32so they need to take permission from this guardian,
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7:32 - 7:34whether verbal or written, all their lives.
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7:34 - 7:36We are minors until the day we die.
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7:36 - 7:40And it becomes worse when it's enshrined in religious fatwas
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7:40 - 7:43based on wrong interpretation of the sharia law,
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7:43 - 7:45or the religious laws.
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7:45 - 7:47What's worst, when they become codified
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7:47 - 7:50as laws in the system,
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7:50 - 7:53and when women themselves believe in their inferiority,
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7:53 - 7:56and they even fight those who try
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7:56 - 7:59to question these rules.
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7:59 - 8:03So for me, it wasn't only about these attacks I had to face.
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8:03 - 8:06It was about living two totally different
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8:06 - 8:09perceptions of my personality, of my person --
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8:09 - 8:12the villain back in my home country,
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8:12 - 8:14and the hero outside.
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8:14 - 8:18Just to tell you, two stories happened in the last two years.
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8:18 - 8:20One of them is when I was in jail.
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8:20 - 8:22I'm pretty sure when I was in jail,
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8:22 - 8:26everyone saw titles in the international media
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8:26 - 8:31something like this during these nine days I was in jail.
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8:31 - 8:34But in my home country, it was a totally different picture.
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8:34 - 8:36It was more like this:
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8:36 - 8:39"Manal al-Sharif faces charges of disturbing public order
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8:39 - 8:42and inciting women to drive."
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8:42 - 8:45I know.
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8:45 - 8:48"Manal al-Sharif withdraws from the campaign."
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8:48 - 8:50Ah, it's okay. This is my favorite.
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8:50 - 8:52"Manal al-Sharif breaks down and confesses:
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8:52 - 8:54'Foreign forces incited me.'"
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8:54 - 8:57(Laughter)
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8:57 - 9:02And it goes on, even trial and flogging me in public.
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9:02 - 9:05So it's a totally different picture.
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9:05 - 9:07I was asked last year to give a speech
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9:07 - 9:10at the Oslo Freedom Forum.
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9:10 - 9:12I was surrounded by this love
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9:12 - 9:14and the support of people around me,
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9:14 - 9:17and they looked at me as an inspiration.
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9:17 - 9:19At the same time, I flew back to my home country,
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9:19 - 9:21they hated that speech so much.
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9:21 - 9:24The way they called it: a betrayal to the Saudi country
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9:24 - 9:25and the Saudi people,
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9:25 - 9:29and they even started a hashtag called #OsloTraitor on Twitter.
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9:29 - 9:32Some 10,000 tweets were written in that hashtag,
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9:32 - 9:35while the opposite hashtag, #OsloHero,
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9:35 - 9:37there was like a handful of tweets written.
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9:37 - 9:39They even started a poll.
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9:39 - 9:42More than 13,000 voters answered this poll:
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9:42 - 9:45whether they considered me a traitor or not after that speech.
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9:45 - 9:48Ninety percent said yes, she's a traitor.
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9:48 - 9:52So it's these two totally different perceptions
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9:52 - 9:53of my personality.
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9:53 - 9:56For me, I'm a proud Saudi woman,
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9:56 - 9:57and I do love my country,
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9:57 - 10:00and because I love my country, I'm doing this.
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10:00 - 10:03Because I believe a society will not be free
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10:03 - 10:05if the women of that society are not free.
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10:05 - 10:15(Applause)
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10:15 - 10:18Thank you.
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10:18 - 10:21(Applause)
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10:21 - 10:23Thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you.
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10:23 - 10:36(Applause)
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10:36 - 10:40Thank you.
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10:40 - 10:44But you learn lessons from these things that happen to you.
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10:44 - 10:46I learned to be always there.
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10:46 - 10:48The first thing, I got out of jail,
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10:48 - 10:52of course after I took a shower, I went online,
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10:52 - 10:55I opened my Twitter account and my Facebook page,
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10:55 - 10:57and I've been always very respectful
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10:57 - 10:59to those people who are opining to me.
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10:59 - 11:00I would listen to what they say,
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11:00 - 11:03and I would never defend myself with words only.
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11:03 - 11:06I would use actions. When they said I should withdraw from the campaign,
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11:06 - 11:09I filed the first lawsuit against the general directorate
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11:09 - 11:13of traffic police for not issuing me a driver's license.
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11:13 - 11:15There are a lot of people also --
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11:15 - 11:17very big support, like those 3,000 people
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11:17 - 11:20who signed the petition to release me.
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11:20 - 11:23We sent a petition to the Shura Council
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11:23 - 11:26in favor of lifting the ban on Saudi women,
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11:26 - 11:29and there were, like, 3,500 citizens who believed in that
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11:29 - 11:31and they signed that petition.
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11:31 - 11:34There were people like that, I just showed some examples,
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11:34 - 11:37who are amazing, who are believing in women's rights in Saudi Arabia,
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11:37 - 11:40and trying, and they are also facing a lot of hate
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11:40 - 11:43because of speaking up and voicing their views.
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11:43 - 11:46Saudi Arabia today is taking small steps
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11:46 - 11:48toward enhancing women's rights.
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11:48 - 11:50The Shura Council that's appointed by the king,
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11:50 - 11:53by royal decree of King Abdullah,
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11:53 - 11:56last year there were 30 women assigned to that Council,
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11:56 - 11:59like 20 percent.
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11:59 - 12:0120 percent of the Council. (Applause)
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12:01 - 12:04The same time, finally, that Council,
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12:04 - 12:07after rejecting our petition four times for women driving,
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12:07 - 12:09they finally accepted it last February.
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12:09 - 12:14(Applause)
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12:14 - 12:16After being sent to jail
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12:16 - 12:19or sentenced lashing, or sent to a trial,
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12:19 - 12:21the spokesperson of the traffic police said,
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12:21 - 12:25we will only issue traffic violation for women drivers.
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12:25 - 12:27The Grand Mufti, who is the head
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12:27 - 12:29of the religious establishment in Saudi Arabia,
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12:29 - 12:34he said, it's not recommended for women to drive.
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12:34 - 12:38It used to be haram, forbidden, by the previous Grand Mufti.
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12:38 - 12:44So for me, it's not about only these small steps.
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12:44 - 12:45It's about women themselves.
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12:45 - 12:47A friend once asked me, she said,
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12:47 - 12:50"So when do you think this women driving will happen?"
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12:50 - 12:52I told her, "Only if women stop asking 'When?'
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12:52 - 12:55and take action to make it now."
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12:55 - 12:57So it's not only about the system,
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12:57 - 13:03it's also about us women to drive our own life, I'd say.
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13:03 - 13:09So I have no clue, really, how I became an activist.
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13:09 - 13:13And I don't know how I became one now.
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13:13 - 13:17But all I know, and all I'm sure of, in the future
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13:17 - 13:20when someone asks me my story,
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13:20 - 13:22I will say, "I'm proud
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13:22 - 13:25to be amongst those women who lifted the ban,
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13:25 - 13:29fought the ban, and celebrated everyone's freedom."
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13:29 - 13:32So the question I started my talk with,
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13:32 - 13:35who do you think is more difficult to face,
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13:35 - 13:38oppressive governments or oppressive societies?
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13:38 - 13:41I hope you find clues to answer that from my speech.
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13:41 - 13:42Thank you, everyone.
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13:42 - 13:47(Applause)
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13:47 - 13:50Thank you.
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13:50 - 13:56(Applause)
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13:56 - 14:00Thank you. (Applause)
- Title:
- A Saudi woman who dared to drive
- Speaker:
- Manal al-Sharif
- Description:
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There's no actual law against women driving in Saudi Arabia. But it's forbidden. Two years ago, Manal al-Sharif decided to encourage women to drive by doing so -- and filming herself for YouTube. Hear her story of what happened next.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 14:16
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for A Saudi woman who dared to drive | ||
Thu-Huong Ha approved English subtitles for A Saudi woman who dared to drive | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for A Saudi woman who dared to drive | ||
Morton Bast accepted English subtitles for A Saudi woman who dared to drive | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for A Saudi woman who dared to drive | ||
Joseph Geni added a translation |