Could we speak the language of dolphins?
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0:01 - 0:03Well, now we're going to the Bahamas to meet
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0:03 - 0:05a remarkable group of dolphins that I've been working with
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0:05 - 0:09in the wild for the last 28 years.
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0:09 - 0:12Now I'm interested in dolphins because of their large brains
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0:12 - 0:14and what they might be doing with all that brainpower
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0:14 - 0:15in the wild.
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0:15 - 0:18And we know they use some of that brainpower
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0:18 - 0:20for just living complicated lives,
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0:20 - 0:23but what do we really know about dolphin intelligence?
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0:23 - 0:24Well, we know a few things.
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0:24 - 0:27We know that their brain-to-body ratio,
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0:27 - 0:28which is a physical measure of intelligence,
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0:28 - 0:31is second only to humans.
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0:31 - 0:33Cognitively, they can understand
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0:33 - 0:35artificially-created languages.
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0:35 - 0:38And they pass self-awareness tests in mirrors.
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0:38 - 0:40And in some parts of the world, they use tools,
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0:40 - 0:43like sponges to hunt fish.
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0:43 - 0:45But there's one big question left:
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0:45 - 0:47do they have a language, and if so,
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0:47 - 0:49what are they talking about?
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0:49 - 0:53So decades ago, not years ago,
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0:53 - 0:55I set out to find a place in the world
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0:55 - 0:57where I could observe dolphins underwater
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0:57 - 1:00to try to crack the code of their communication system.
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1:00 - 1:03Now in most parts of the world, the water's pretty murky,
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1:03 - 1:06so it's very hard to observe animals underwater,
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1:06 - 1:08but I found a community of dolphins that live
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1:08 - 1:11in these beautiful, clear, shallow sandbanks of the Bahamas
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1:11 - 1:13which are just east of Florida.
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1:13 - 1:15And they spend their daytime resting and socializing
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1:15 - 1:17in the safety of the shallows, but at night,
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1:17 - 1:21they go off the edge and hunt in deep water.
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1:21 - 1:25Now, it's not a bad place to be a researcher, either.
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1:25 - 1:27So we go out for about five months every summer
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1:27 - 1:31in a 20-meter catamaran, and we live, sleep and work
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1:31 - 1:33at sea for weeks at a time.
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1:33 - 1:36My main tool is an underwater video with a hydrophone,
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1:36 - 1:38which is an underwater microphone, and this is so
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1:38 - 1:40I can correlate sound and behavior.
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1:40 - 1:42And most of our work's pretty non-invasive.
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1:42 - 1:45We try to follow dolphin etiquette while we're in the water,
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1:45 - 1:48since we're actually observing them physically in the water.
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1:48 - 1:51Now, Atlantic spotted dolphins are a really nice species
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1:51 - 1:53to work with for a couple of reasons.
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1:53 - 1:56They're born without spots, and they get spots with age,
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1:56 - 1:59and they go through pretty distinct developmental phases,
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1:59 - 2:01so that's fun to track their behavior.
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2:01 - 2:04And by about the age of 15, they're fully spotted black and white.
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2:04 - 2:07Now the mother you see here is Mugsy.
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2:07 - 2:09She's 35 years old in this shot,
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2:09 - 2:12but dolphins can actually live into their early 50s.
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2:12 - 2:15And like all the dolphins in our community,
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2:15 - 2:18we photographed Mugsy and tracked her little spots
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2:18 - 2:20and nicks in her dorsal fin,
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2:20 - 2:22and also the unique spot patterns
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2:22 - 2:24as she matured over time.
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2:24 - 2:27Now, young dolphins learn a lot as they're growing up,
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2:27 - 2:30and they use their teenage years to practice social skills,
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2:30 - 2:32and at about the age of nine, the females
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2:32 - 2:35become sexually mature, so they can get pregnant,
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2:35 - 2:37and the males mature quite a bit later,
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2:37 - 2:39at around 15 years of age.
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2:39 - 2:41And dolphins are very promiscuous,
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2:41 - 2:43and so we have to determine who the fathers are,
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2:43 - 2:46so we do paternity tests by collecting fecal material
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2:46 - 2:49out of the water and extracting DNA.
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2:49 - 2:51So what that means is, after 28 years,
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2:51 - 2:54we are tracking three generations,
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2:54 - 2:56including grandmothers and grandfathers.
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2:56 - 2:59Now, dolphins are natural acousticians.
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2:59 - 3:01They make sounds 10 times as high
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3:01 - 3:03and hear sounds 10 times as high as we do.
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3:03 - 3:06But they have other communication signals they use.
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3:06 - 3:09They have good vision, so they use body postures to communicate.
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3:09 - 3:11They have taste, not smell.
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3:11 - 3:13And they have touch.
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3:13 - 3:15And sound can actually be felt in the water,
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3:15 - 3:19because the acoustic impedance of tissue and water's about the same.
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3:19 - 3:22So dolphins can buzz and tickle each other at a distance.
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3:22 - 3:25Now, we do know some things about how sounds are used
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3:25 - 3:26with certain behaviors.
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3:26 - 3:28Now, the signature whistle is a whistle
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3:28 - 3:33that's specific to an individual dolphin, and it's like a name. (Dolphin whistling noises)
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3:33 - 3:35And this is the best-studied sound,
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3:35 - 3:37because it's easy to measure, really,
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3:37 - 3:39and you'd find this whistle when mothers and calves
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3:39 - 3:41are reuniting, for example.
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3:41 - 3:44Another well studied sound are echolocation clicks.
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3:44 - 3:47This is the dolphin's sonar. (Dolphin echolocation noises)
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3:47 - 3:50And they use these clicks to hunt and feed.
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3:50 - 3:53But they can also tightly pack these clicks together
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3:53 - 3:55into buzzes and use them socially.
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3:55 - 3:57For example, males will stimulate a female
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3:57 - 3:59during a courtship chase.
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3:59 - 4:02You know, I've been buzzed in the water.
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4:02 - 4:04(Laughter)
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4:04 - 4:06Don't tell anyone. It's a secret.
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4:06 - 4:08And you can really feel the sound. That was my point with that.
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4:08 - 4:12(Laughter)
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4:12 - 4:15So dolphins are also political animals,
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4:15 - 4:17so they have to resolve conflicts.
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4:17 - 4:19(Dolphin noises)
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4:19 - 4:21And they use these burst-pulsed sounds as well as
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4:21 - 4:23their head-to-head behaviors when they're fighting.
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4:23 - 4:25And these are very unstudied sounds
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4:25 - 4:28because they're hard to measure.
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4:28 - 4:30Now this is some video of a typical dolphin fight.
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4:30 - 4:32(Dolphin noises)
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4:32 - 4:34So you're going to see two groups,
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4:34 - 4:37and you're going to see the head-to-head posturing,
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4:37 - 4:40some open mouths,
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4:40 - 4:42lots of squawking.
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4:42 - 4:46There's a bubble.
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4:46 - 4:48And basically, one of these groups will kind of back off
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4:48 - 4:50and everything will resolve fine,
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4:50 - 4:54and it doesn't really escalate into violence too much.
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4:54 - 4:56Now, in the Bahamas, we also have resident bottlenose
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4:56 - 4:59that interact socially with the spotted dolphins.
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4:59 - 5:02For example, they babysit each other's calves.
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5:02 - 5:04The males have dominance displays that they use
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5:04 - 5:06when they're chasing each other's females.
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5:06 - 5:09And the two species actually form temporary alliances
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5:09 - 5:11when they're chasing sharks away.
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5:11 - 5:14And one of the mechanisms they use to communicate
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5:14 - 5:16their coordination is synchrony.
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5:16 - 5:19They synchronize their sounds and their body postures
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5:19 - 5:21to look bigger and sound stronger.
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5:21 - 5:23(Dolphins noises)
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5:23 - 5:25Now, these are bottlenose dolphins,
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5:25 - 5:27and you'll see them starting to synchronize
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5:27 - 5:29their behavior and their sounds.
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5:29 - 5:33(Dolphin noises)
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5:33 - 5:35You see, they're synchronizing with their partner
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5:35 - 5:39as well as the other dyad.
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5:39 - 5:42I wish I was that coordinated.
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5:45 - 5:48Now, it's important to remember that you're only hearing
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5:48 - 5:50the human-audible parts of dolphin sounds,
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5:50 - 5:52and dolphins make ultrasonic sounds,
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5:52 - 5:53and we use special equipment in the water
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5:53 - 5:55to collect these sounds.
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5:55 - 5:58Now, researchers have actually measured whistle complexity
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5:58 - 6:00using information theory,
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6:00 - 6:04and whistles rate very high relative to even human languages.
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6:04 - 6:08But burst-pulsed sounds is a bit of a mystery.
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6:08 - 6:11Now, these are three spectragrams.
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6:11 - 6:13Two are human words, and one is a dolphin vocalizing.
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6:13 - 6:17So just take a guess in your mind which one is the dolphin.
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6:19 - 6:22Now, it turns out burst-pulsed sounds actually look
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6:22 - 6:24a bit like human phonemes.
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6:24 - 6:26Now, one way to crack the code
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6:26 - 6:28is to interpret these signals and figure out what they mean,
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6:28 - 6:32but it's a difficult job, and we actually don't have a Rosetta Stone yet.
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6:32 - 6:34But a second way to crack the code
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6:34 - 6:36is to develop some technology,
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6:36 - 6:38an interface to do two-way communication,
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6:38 - 6:41and that's what we've been trying to do in the Bahamas
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6:41 - 6:43and in real time.
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6:43 - 6:46Now, scientists have used keyboard interfaces
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6:46 - 6:48to try to bridge the gap with species
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6:48 - 6:50including chimpanzees and dolphins.
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6:50 - 6:53This underwater keyboard in Orlando, Florida,
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6:53 - 6:55at the Epcot Center, was actually
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6:55 - 6:58the most sophisticated ever two-way interface designed
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6:58 - 7:00for humans and dolphins to work together under the water
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7:00 - 7:02and exchange information.
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7:02 - 7:05So we wanted to develop an interface like this
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7:05 - 7:07in the Bahamas, but in a more natural setting.
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7:07 - 7:09And one of the reasons we thought we could do this
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7:09 - 7:11is because the dolphins were starting to show us
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7:11 - 7:13a lot of mutual curiosity.
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7:13 - 7:16They were spontaneously mimicking our vocalizations
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7:16 - 7:18and our postures, and they were also inviting us
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7:18 - 7:21into dolphin games.
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7:21 - 7:24Now, dolphins are social mammals, so they love to play,
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7:24 - 7:27and one of their favorite games is to drag seaweed,
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7:27 - 7:30or sargassum in this case, around.
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7:30 - 7:32And they're very adept. They like to drag it
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7:32 - 7:36and drop it from appendage to appendage.
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7:36 - 7:39Now in this footage, the adult is Caroh.
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7:39 - 7:43She's 25 years old here, and this is her newborn, Cobalt,
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7:43 - 7:46and he's just learning how to play this game.
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7:46 - 7:47(Dolphin noises)
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7:47 - 7:52She's kind of teasing him and taunting him.
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7:52 - 7:56He really wants that sargassum.
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7:56 - 7:59Now, when dolphins solicit humans for this game,
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7:59 - 8:02they'll often sink vertically in the water,
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8:02 - 8:05and they'll have a little sargassum on their flipper,
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8:05 - 8:07and they'll sort of nudge it and drop it sometimes
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8:07 - 8:09on the bottom and let us go get it,
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8:09 - 8:11and then we'll have a little seaweed keep away game.
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8:11 - 8:13But when we don't dive down and get it,
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8:13 - 8:15they'll bring it to the surface
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8:15 - 8:18and they'll sort of wave it in front of us on their tail
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8:18 - 8:20and drop it for us like they do their calves,
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8:20 - 8:22and then we'll pick it up and have a game.
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8:22 - 8:25And so we started thinking, well, wouldn't it be neat
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8:25 - 8:28to build some technology that would allow the dolphins
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8:28 - 8:31to request these things in real time, their favorite toys?
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8:31 - 8:33So the original vision was to have a keyboard
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8:33 - 8:35hanging from the boat attached to a computer,
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8:35 - 8:38and the divers and dolphins would activate the keys
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8:38 - 8:41on the keypad and happily exchange information
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8:41 - 8:43and request toys from each other.
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8:43 - 8:45But we quickly found out that dolphins simply
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8:45 - 8:48were not going to hang around the boat using a keyboard.
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8:48 - 8:50They've got better things to do in the wild.
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8:50 - 8:52They might do it in captivity, but in the wild --
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8:52 - 8:55So we built a portable keyboard that we could push through the water,
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8:55 - 8:58and we labeled four objects they like to play with,
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8:58 - 9:01the scarf, rope, sargassum, and also had a bow ride,
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9:01 - 9:03which is a fun activity for a dolphin. (Whistle)
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9:03 - 9:05And that's the scarf whistle,
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9:05 - 9:08which is also associated with a visual symbol.
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9:08 - 9:10And these are artificially created whistles.
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9:10 - 9:12They're outside the dolphin's normal repertoire,
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9:12 - 9:15but they're easily mimicked by the dolphins.
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9:15 - 9:19And I spent four years with my colleagues Adam Pack and Fabienne Delfour,
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9:19 - 9:21working out in the field with this keyboard
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9:21 - 9:24using it with each other to do requests for toys
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9:24 - 9:26while the dolphins were watching.
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9:26 - 9:27And the dolphins could get in on the game.
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9:27 - 9:29They could point at the visual object,
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9:29 - 9:31or they could mimic the whistle.
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9:31 - 9:35Now this is video of a session.
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9:35 - 9:37The diver here has a rope toy,
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9:37 - 9:39and I'm on the keyboard on the left,
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9:39 - 9:42and I've just played the rope key,
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9:42 - 9:45and that's the request for the toy from the human.
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9:45 - 9:48So I've got the rope, I'm diving down,
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9:48 - 9:51and I'm basically trying to get the dolphin's attention,
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9:51 - 9:52because they're kind of like little kids.
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9:52 - 9:55You have to keep their attention.
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9:55 - 9:59I'm going to drop the rope, see if they come over.
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9:59 - 10:02Here they come,
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10:02 - 10:03and then they're going to pick up the rope
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10:03 - 10:05and drag it around as a toy.
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10:05 - 10:06Now, I'm at the keyboard on the left,
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10:06 - 10:09and this is actually the first time that we tried this.
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10:09 - 10:12I'm going to try to request this toy, the rope toy,
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10:12 - 10:14from the dolphins using the rope sound.
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10:14 - 10:18Let's see if they might actually understand what that means.
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10:20 - 10:21(Whistle)
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10:21 - 10:24That's the rope whistle.
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10:24 - 10:25Up come the dolphins,
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10:25 - 10:29and drop off the rope, yay. Wow.
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10:29 - 10:32(Applause)
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10:32 - 10:33So this is only once.
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10:33 - 10:36We don't know for sure if they really understand the function of the whistles.
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10:36 - 10:39Okay, so here's a second toy in the water.
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10:39 - 10:40This is a scarf toy, and I'm trying to lead the dolphin
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10:40 - 10:43over to the keyboard to show her
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10:43 - 10:46the visual and the acoustic signal.
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10:46 - 10:49Now this dolphin, we call her "the scarf thief,"
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10:49 - 10:52because over the years she's absconded
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10:52 - 10:55with about 12 scarves.
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10:55 - 10:59In fact, we think she has a boutique somewhere in the Bahamas.
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10:59 - 11:03So I'm reaching over. She's got the scarf on her right side.
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11:03 - 11:04And we try to not touch the animals too much,
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11:04 - 11:06we really don't want to over-habituate them.
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11:06 - 11:09And I'm trying to lead her back to the keyboard.
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11:09 - 11:12And the diver there is going to activate the scarf sound
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11:12 - 11:14to request the scarf.
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11:14 - 11:17So I try to give her the scarf.
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11:17 - 11:20Whoop. Almost lost it.
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11:20 - 11:23But this is the moment where everything becomes possible.
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11:23 - 11:25The dolphin's at the keyboard.
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11:25 - 11:26You've got full attention.
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11:26 - 11:28And this sometimes went on for hours.
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11:28 - 11:30And I wanted to share this video with you
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11:30 - 11:32not to show you any big breakthroughs,
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11:32 - 11:33because they haven't happened yet,
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11:33 - 11:35but to show you the level of intention and focus
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11:35 - 11:38that these dolphins have, and interest in the system.
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11:38 - 11:40And because of this, we really decided we needed
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11:40 - 11:42some more sophisticated technology.
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11:42 - 11:44So we joined forces with Georgia Tech,
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11:44 - 11:47with Thad Starner's wearable computing group,
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11:47 - 11:49to build us an underwater wearable computer
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11:49 - 11:51that we're calling CHAT. [CHAT: Cetacean Hearing And Telemetry]
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11:51 - 11:53Now, instead of pushing a keyboard through the water,
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11:53 - 11:57the diver's wearing the complete system, and it's acoustic only,
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11:57 - 12:00so basically the diver activates the sounds on a keypad
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12:00 - 12:01on the forearm,
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12:01 - 12:03the sounds go out through an underwater speaker,
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12:03 - 12:04if a dolphin mimics the whistle
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12:04 - 12:07or a human plays the whistle, the sounds come in
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12:07 - 12:09and are localized by two hydrophones.
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12:09 - 12:13The computer can localize who requested the toy
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12:13 - 12:15if there's a word match.
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12:15 - 12:17And the real power of the system is in the real-time
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12:17 - 12:19sound recognition, so we can respond to the dolphins
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12:19 - 12:21quickly and accurately.
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12:21 - 12:26And we're at prototype stage, but this is how we hope it will play out.
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12:26 - 12:29So Diver A and Diver B both have a wearable computer
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12:29 - 12:32and the dolphin hears the whistle as a whistle,
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12:32 - 12:34the diver hears the whistle as a whistle in the water,
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12:34 - 12:36but also as a word through bone conduction.
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12:36 - 12:39So Diver A plays the scarf whistle
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12:39 - 12:41or Diver B plays the sargassum whistle
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12:41 - 12:43to request a toy from whoever has it.
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12:43 - 12:46What we hope will happen is that the dolphin mimics the whistle,
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12:46 - 12:49and if Diver A has the sargassum, if that's the sound
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12:49 - 12:52that was played and requested,
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12:52 - 12:56then the diver will give the sargassum to the requesting dolphin
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12:56 - 12:58and they'll swim away happily into the sunset
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12:58 - 13:01playing sargassum for forever.
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13:01 - 13:04Now, how far can this kind of communication go?
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13:04 - 13:08Well, CHAT is designed specifically to empower the dolphins
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13:08 - 13:10to request things from us.
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13:10 - 13:12It's designed to really be two-way.
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13:12 - 13:15Now, will they learn to mimic the whistles functionally?
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13:15 - 13:17We hope so and we think so.
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13:17 - 13:19But as we decode their natural sounds,
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13:19 - 13:23we're also planning to put those back into the computerized system.
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13:23 - 13:27For example, right now we can put their own signature whistles
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13:27 - 13:31in the computer and request to interact with a specific dolphin.
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13:31 - 13:34Likewise, we can create our own whistles,
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13:34 - 13:37our own whistle names, and let the dolphins
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13:37 - 13:39request specific divers to interact with.
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13:39 - 13:42Now it may be that all our mobile technology
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13:42 - 13:46will actually be the same technology that helps us
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13:46 - 13:49communicate with another species down the road.
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13:49 - 13:52In the case of a dolphin, you know, it's a species that,
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13:52 - 13:56well, they're probably close to our intelligence in many ways
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13:56 - 13:58and we might not be able to admit that right now,
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13:58 - 14:00but they live in quite a different environment,
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14:00 - 14:05and you still have to bridge the gap with the sensory systems.
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14:05 - 14:06I mean, imagine what it would be like
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14:06 - 14:08to really understand the mind
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14:08 - 14:12of another intelligent species on the planet.
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14:12 - 14:13Thank you.
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14:13 - 14:18(Applause)
- Title:
- Could we speak the language of dolphins?
- Speaker:
- Denise Herzing
- Description:
-
For 28 years, Denise Herzing has spent five months each summer living with a pod of Atlantic spotted dolphins, following three generations of family relationships and behaviors. It's clear they are communicating with one another -- but is it language? Could humans use it too? She shares a fascinating new experiment to test this idea.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 14:38
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for Could we speak the language of dolphins? | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for Could we speak the language of dolphins? | ||
Thu-Huong Ha approved English subtitles for Could we speak the language of dolphins? | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for Could we speak the language of dolphins? | ||
Morton Bast accepted English subtitles for Could we speak the language of dolphins? | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for Could we speak the language of dolphins? | ||
Joseph Geni added a translation |