The case of the vanishing honeybees - Emma Bryce

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In the past decade, the US honeybee population has been decreasing at an alarming and unprecedented rate. While this is obviously bad news for honeypots everywhere, bees also help feed us in a bigger way -- by pollinating our nation's crops. Emma Bryce investigates potential causes for this widespread colony collapse disorder.

Lesson by Emma Bryce, animation by Lillian Chan.

There is an environmental mystery afoot,

and it begins
with a seemingly trivial detail

that reveals a disaster
of global proportions.

One day, you notice that the honey
you slather on your morning toast

is more expensive.

Instead of switching to jam,

you investigate the reason
for the price hike.

What you find is shocking.

The number of domesticated
honeybees in the US

has been decreasing at an alarming rate.

This decline appears too big

to be explained by the usual causes
of bee death alone:

disease, parasites or starvation.

A typical crime scene
has almost no adult bees left in the hive,

except, perhaps, a lonely queen
and a few other survivors.

It's full of untouched food stores
and a brood of unborn larvae,

suggesting that the adults vacated
without waiting for them to hatch.

But what's particularly eerie

is that there's no tell-tale mass
of dead or dying bees nearby.

Either they have forgotten
their way back to the hive,

or they have simply disappeared.

These mysterious
disappearances aren't new.

Humans have been collecting
honey for centuries.

But it wasn't until European settlers
in the 1600's

introduced the subspecies,
Apis mellifera,

that we domesticated bees.

Since the 19th century,

beekeepers have reported
occasional mass disappearances,

giving them enigmatic names

like disappearing disease,
spring dwindle disease

and autumn collapse.

But when in 2006 such losses
were found to affect

more than half of all hives in the US,

the phenomenon got a new name:

colony collapse disorder.

The most frightening thing
about this mystery

isn't that we'll have to go back
to using regular sugar in our tea.

We farm bees for their honey,

but they also pollinate our crops
on an industrial scale,

generating over 1/3 of America's
food production this way.

So, how can we find
the culprit behind this calamity?

Here are three of the possible offenders.

Exhibit A: Pests and Disease.

Most infamous is the varroa mite,

a minuscule red pest that not only
invades colonies and feeds on bees,

but also transfers pathogens
that stunt bee growth

and shortens their life span.

Exhibit B: Genetics.

The queen is the core of a healthy hive.

But nowadays, the millions
of queen bees distributed

in commercial hives are bred
from just a few original queens,

which raises the worry about
a lack of genetic diversity

which could weaken bees' defenses
against pathogens and pests.

Exhibit C: Chemicals.

Pesticides used both
on commercial beehives

and agricultural crops
to ward off parasites

could be getting into the food
and water that honeybees consume.

Researchers have even found
that some pesticides

damage the honeybees' homing abilities.

So we have a file full of clues

but no clear leads.

In reality, scientists,
the actual detectives on this case,

face disagreement over what causes
colony collapse disorder.

For now, we assume that
several factors are the cause.

Honeybees aren't necessarily
in danger of extinction,

but fewer bees overall means
less pollination and higher food costs,

so it's crucial that scientists solve
the case of the vanishing bees.

Because while having less honey
might be a buzzkill,

crop shortages are something
that would truly sting.