The operating system of life - George Zaidan and Charles Morton
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0:08 - 0:10Every chicken was once an egg,
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0:10 - 0:12every oak tree an acorn,
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0:12 - 0:14every frog a tadpole.
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0:14 - 0:15The patch of mold on that old piece of bread
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0:15 - 0:17in the back of your fridge,
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0:17 - 0:20not so long ago that was one, solitary cell.
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0:20 - 0:22Even you were once but a gleam
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0:22 - 0:24in your parents' eyes.
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0:25 - 0:26All these organisms share
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0:26 - 0:28the same basic goal:
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0:28 - 0:31to perpetuate their own existence.
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0:31 - 0:34All lifeforms that we've discovered so far
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0:34 - 0:35stay alive by using
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0:35 - 0:39basically the same rules, materials, and machinery.
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0:39 - 0:42Imagine a factory full of robots.
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0:42 - 0:43These robots have two missions:
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0:43 - 0:45one, keep the factory running,
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0:45 - 0:46and two, when the time is right,
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0:46 - 0:48set up an entirely new factory.
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0:49 - 0:50To do those things,
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0:50 - 0:52they need assembly instructions,
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0:52 - 0:53raw materials,
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0:53 - 0:54plenty of energy,
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0:54 - 0:56a few rules about when to work normally,
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0:56 - 0:57when to work quickly,
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0:57 - 0:58or when to stop,
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0:58 - 1:00and some exchange currencies
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1:00 - 1:03because even robots need to get paid.
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1:03 - 1:05Each factory has a high security office with blueprints
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1:05 - 1:08for all the possible factory configurations
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1:08 - 1:10and complete sets of instructions
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1:10 - 1:12to make all the different types of robots
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1:12 - 1:14a factory could ever need.
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1:14 - 1:16Special robots photocopy these instructions
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1:16 - 1:17and send them off
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1:17 - 1:19to help make the building blocks of more robots.
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1:19 - 1:21Their colleagues assemble those parts
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1:21 - 1:23into still more robots,
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1:23 - 1:24which are transported
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1:24 - 1:26to the right location in the factory
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1:26 - 1:29and given the tools they need to start working.
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1:29 - 1:30Every robot draws energy
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1:30 - 1:32from the central power plant,
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1:32 - 1:35a giant furnace that can burn regular fuel
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1:35 - 1:36but also scrap materials
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1:36 - 1:39if not enough regular fuel is available.
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1:40 - 1:41Certain zones in the factory
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1:41 - 1:43have harsher working conditions,
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1:43 - 1:45so these areas are walled off.
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1:45 - 1:47But the robots inside can at least communicate
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1:47 - 1:48with the rest of the factory
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1:48 - 1:49through specialized portals
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1:49 - 1:51embedded directly into the walls.
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1:52 - 1:54And as you've probably figured out,
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1:54 - 1:55what we're describing here
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1:55 - 1:56is a cell.
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1:56 - 1:59The high security office is the nucleus.
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1:59 - 2:00It stores the blueprints and instructions
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2:00 - 2:04as deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.
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2:04 - 2:06The photocopied instructions are RNA.
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2:06 - 2:08The robots themselves are mostly proteins
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2:08 - 2:10built from amino acids,
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2:10 - 2:11but they'll often use special tools
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2:11 - 2:13that are, or are derived from,
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2:13 - 2:15vitamins and minerals.
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2:15 - 2:17The walls between factory zones
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2:17 - 2:18and around the factory itself
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2:18 - 2:20are mostly made up of lipids,
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2:20 - 2:22a.k.a. fats.
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2:22 - 2:23In most organisms,
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2:23 - 2:25the primary fuel source are sugars,
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2:25 - 2:26but in a pinch,
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2:26 - 2:28fats and proteins can be broken down
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2:28 - 2:30and burned in the furnace as well.
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2:30 - 2:32The portals are membrane proteins
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2:32 - 2:35which allow very specific materials and information
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2:35 - 2:38to pass through the walls at the right times.
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2:38 - 2:40Many interactions between robot proteins
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2:40 - 2:42require some kind of push,
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2:42 - 2:44think robot minimum wage.
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2:44 - 2:46A few small but crucial forms of money
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2:46 - 2:48are transferred between proteins
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2:48 - 2:50to provide this push.
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2:50 - 2:53Electrons, protons, oxygen, and phosphate groups
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2:53 - 2:54are the main chemical currencies,
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2:54 - 2:57and they're kept in small molecular wallets
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2:57 - 3:00or larger tote bags to keep them safe.
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3:00 - 3:02This is biochemistry,
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3:02 - 3:04the study of how every part of the factory
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3:04 - 3:06interacts to keep your life running smoothly
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3:06 - 3:09in the face of extreme challenges.
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3:09 - 3:10Maybe there's too much fuel;
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3:10 - 3:14your body will store the excess as glycogen or fat.
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3:14 - 3:15Maybe there's not enough;
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3:15 - 3:17your body will use up those energy reserves.
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3:17 - 3:20Maybe a virus or bacteria tries to invade;
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3:20 - 3:22your body will mobilize the immune system.
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3:22 - 3:24Maybe you touched something hot or sharp;
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3:24 - 3:27your nerves will let you know so you can stop.
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3:27 - 3:30Maybe it's time to create a new cell
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3:30 - 3:31or a new person.
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3:32 - 3:35Amazingly, oak trees, chickens, frogs,
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3:35 - 3:36and, yes, even you
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3:36 - 3:38share so many of the same
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3:38 - 3:40basic robot and factory designs
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3:40 - 3:42that biochemists can learn a lot
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3:42 - 3:43about all of them
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3:43 - 3:45all at the same time.
- Title:
- The operating system of life - George Zaidan and Charles Morton
- Description:
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View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-operating-system-of-life-george-zaidan-and-charles-morton
Humans, octopi and pine trees alike are all made up of cells, tiny but sophisticated systems that keep life going. Cells are almost like tiny factories run by robots, with the nucleus, DNA, proteins, lipids, and vitamins and minerals all playing critical roles. George Zaidan and Charles Morton lay out the blueprint of a cell and explain how biochemistry binds all life together.
Lesson by George Zaidan and Charles Morton, animation by Pew36 Animation Studios.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 04:01
TED edited English subtitles for The operating system of life - George Zaidan and Charles Morton | ||
Jessica Ruby approved English subtitles for The operating system of life - George Zaidan and Charles Morton | ||
Jessica Ruby accepted English subtitles for The operating system of life - George Zaidan and Charles Morton | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for The operating system of life - George Zaidan and Charles Morton | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for The operating system of life - George Zaidan and Charles Morton | ||
Andrea McDonough edited English subtitles for The operating system of life - George Zaidan and Charles Morton | ||
Andrea McDonough edited English subtitles for The operating system of life - George Zaidan and Charles Morton |