Is the obesity crisis hiding a bigger problem?
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0:00 - 0:02I'll never forget that day
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0:02 - 0:06back in the spring of 2006.
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0:06 - 0:07I was a surgical resident
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0:07 - 0:10at The Johns Hopkins Hospital,
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0:10 - 0:12taking emergency call.
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0:12 - 0:15I got paged by the E.R. around 2 in the morning
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0:15 - 0:17to come and see a woman with a diabetic ulcer
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0:17 - 0:19on her foot.
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0:19 - 0:22I can still remember sort of that smell of rotting flesh
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0:22 - 0:26as I pulled the curtain back to see her.
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0:26 - 0:28And everybody there agreed this woman was very sick
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0:28 - 0:30and she needed to be in the hospital.
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0:30 - 0:31That wasn't being asked.
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0:31 - 0:33The question that was being asked of me was a different one,
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0:33 - 0:37which was, did she also need an amputation?
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0:37 - 0:40Now, looking back on that night,
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0:40 - 0:46I'd love so desperately to believe that I treated that woman
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0:46 - 0:49on that night with the same empathy and compassion
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0:49 - 0:53I'd shown the 27-year-old newlywed
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0:53 - 0:55who came to the E.R. three nights earlier
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0:55 - 0:56with lower back pain
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0:56 - 1:01that turned out to be advanced pancreatic cancer.
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1:01 - 1:03In her case, I knew there was nothing I could do
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1:03 - 1:05that was actually going to save her life.
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1:05 - 1:07The cancer was too advanced.
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1:07 - 1:09But I was committed to making sure that
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1:09 - 1:12I could do anything possible to make her stay
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1:12 - 1:14more comfortable. I brought her a warm blanket
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1:14 - 1:17and a cup of a coffee.
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1:17 - 1:19I brought some for her parents.
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1:19 - 1:22But more importantly, see, I passed no judgment on her,
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1:22 - 1:24because obviously she had done nothing
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1:24 - 1:26to bring this on herself.
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1:26 - 1:29So why was it that, just a few nights later,
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1:29 - 1:32as I stood in that same E.R. and determined
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1:32 - 1:36that my diabetic patient did indeed need an amputation,
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1:36 - 1:40why did I hold her in such bitter contempt?
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1:40 - 1:42You see, unlike the woman the night before,
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1:42 - 1:44this woman had type 2 diabetes.
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1:44 - 1:46She was fat.
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1:46 - 1:48And we all know that's from eating too much
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1:48 - 1:50and not exercising enough, right?
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1:50 - 1:53I mean, how hard can it be?
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1:53 - 1:55As I looked down at her in the bed, I thought to myself,
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1:55 - 1:58if you just tried caring even a little bit,
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1:58 - 2:01you wouldn't be in this situation at this moment
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2:01 - 2:03with some doctor you've never met
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2:03 - 2:07about to amputate your foot.
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2:07 - 2:10Why did I feel justified in judging her?
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2:10 - 2:13I'd like to say I don't know.
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2:13 - 2:15But I actually do.
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2:15 - 2:17You see, in the hubris of my youth,
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2:17 - 2:20I thought I had her all figured out.
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2:20 - 2:22She ate too much. She got unlucky.
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2:22 - 2:26She got diabetes. Case closed.
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2:26 - 2:27Ironically, at that time in my life,
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2:27 - 2:29I was also doing cancer research,
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2:29 - 2:32immune-based therapies for melanoma, to be specific,
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2:32 - 2:36and in that world I was actually taught to question everything,
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2:36 - 2:38to challenge all assumptions
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2:38 - 2:42and hold them to the highest possible scientific standards.
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2:42 - 2:45Yet when it came to a disease like diabetes
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2:45 - 2:49that kills Americans eight times more frequently than melanoma,
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2:49 - 2:52I never once questioned the conventional wisdom.
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2:52 - 2:55I actually just assumed the pathologic sequence of events
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2:55 - 2:58was settled science.
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2:58 - 3:01Three years later, I found out how wrong I was.
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3:01 - 3:04But this time, I was the patient.
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3:04 - 3:07Despite exercising three or four hours every single day,
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3:07 - 3:10and following the food pyramid to the letter,
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3:10 - 3:12I'd gained a lot of weight and developed something
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3:12 - 3:14called metabolic syndrome.
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3:14 - 3:16Some of you may have heard of this.
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3:16 - 3:20I had become insulin-resistant.
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3:20 - 3:22You can think of insulin as this master hormone
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3:22 - 3:26that controls what our body does with the foods we eat,
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3:26 - 3:29whether we burn it or store it.
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3:29 - 3:31This is called fuel partitioning in the lingo.
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3:31 - 3:35Now failure to produce enough insulin is incompatible with life.
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3:35 - 3:37And insulin resistance, as its name suggests,
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3:37 - 3:40is when your cells get increasingly resistant
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3:40 - 3:43to the effect of insulin trying to do its job.
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3:43 - 3:46Once you're insulin-resistant,
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3:46 - 3:47you're on your way to getting diabetes,
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3:47 - 3:49which is what happens when your pancreas
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3:49 - 3:52can't keep up with the resistance and make enough insulin.
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3:52 - 3:55Now your blood sugar levels start to rise,
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3:55 - 3:58and an entire cascade of pathologic events
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3:58 - 4:01sort of spirals out of control that can lead to heart disease,
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4:01 - 4:05cancer, even Alzheimer's disease,
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4:05 - 4:10and amputations, just like that woman a few years earlier.
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4:10 - 4:13With that scare, I got busy changing my diet radically,
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4:13 - 4:15adding and subtracting things most of you would find
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4:15 - 4:18almost assuredly shocking.
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4:18 - 4:22I did this and lost 40 pounds, weirdly while exercising less.
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4:22 - 4:25I, as you can see, I guess I'm not overweight anymore.
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4:25 - 4:27More importantly, I don't have insulin resistance.
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4:27 - 4:29But most important, I was left
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4:29 - 4:33with these three burning questions that wouldn't go away:
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4:33 - 4:35How did this happen to me if I was supposedly
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4:35 - 4:38doing everything right?
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4:38 - 4:41If the conventional wisdom about nutrition had failed me,
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4:41 - 4:45was it possible it was failing someone else?
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4:45 - 4:47And underlying these questions,
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4:47 - 4:50I became almost maniacally obsessed
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4:50 - 4:53in trying to understand the real relationship
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4:53 - 4:56between obesity and insulin resistance.
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4:56 - 4:59Now, most researchers believe obesity
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4:59 - 5:03is the cause of insulin resistance.
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5:03 - 5:05Logically, then, if you want to treat insulin resistance,
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5:05 - 5:07you get people to lose weight, right?
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5:07 - 5:09You treat the obesity.
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5:09 - 5:12But what if we have it backwards?
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5:12 - 5:15What if obesity isn't the cause of insulin resistance at all?
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5:15 - 5:19In fact, what if it's a symptom of a much deeper problem,
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5:19 - 5:22the tip of a proverbial iceberg?
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5:22 - 5:25I know it sounds crazy because we're obviously in the midst
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5:25 - 5:28of an obesity epidemic, but hear me out.
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5:28 - 5:31What if obesity is a coping mechanism
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5:31 - 5:35for a far more sinister problem going on
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5:35 - 5:36underneath the cell?
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5:36 - 5:39I'm not suggesting that obesity is benign,
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5:39 - 5:41but what I am suggesting is it may be the lesser
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5:41 - 5:44of two metabolic evils.
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5:44 - 5:47You can think of insulin resistance as the reduced capacity
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5:47 - 5:49of our cells to partition fuel,
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5:49 - 5:51as I alluded to a moment ago,
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5:51 - 5:53taking those calories that we take in
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5:53 - 5:56and burning some appropriately and storing some appropriately.
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5:56 - 5:58When we become insulin-resistant,
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5:58 - 6:01the homeostasis in that balance deviates from this state.
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6:01 - 6:04So now, when insulin says to a cell,
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6:04 - 6:06I want you to burn more energy
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6:06 - 6:08than the cell considers safe, the cell, in effect, says,
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6:08 - 6:12"No thanks, I'd actually rather store this energy."
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6:12 - 6:14And because fat cells are actually missing most of
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6:14 - 6:17the complex cellular machinery found in other cells,
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6:17 - 6:20it's probably the safest place to store it.
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6:20 - 6:25So for many of us, about 75 million Americans,
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6:25 - 6:29the appropriate response to insulin resistance
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6:29 - 6:33may actually be to store it as fat, not the reverse,
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6:33 - 6:39getting insulin resistance in response to getting fat.
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6:39 - 6:41This is a really subtle distinction,
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6:41 - 6:44but the implication could be profound.
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6:44 - 6:47Consider the following analogy:
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6:47 - 6:50Think of the bruise you get on your shin
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6:50 - 6:53when you inadvertently bang your leg into the coffee table.
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6:53 - 6:56Sure, the bruise hurts like hell, and you almost certainly
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6:56 - 6:59don't like the discolored look, but we all know
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6:59 - 7:03the bruise per Se is not the problem.
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7:03 - 7:06In fact, it's the opposite. It's a healthy response to the trauma,
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7:06 - 7:09all of those immune cells rushing to the site of the injury
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7:09 - 7:12to salvage cellular debris and prevent the spread
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7:12 - 7:15of infection to elsewhere in the body.
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7:15 - 7:19Now, imagine we thought bruises were the problem,
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7:19 - 7:22and we evolved a giant medical establishment
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7:22 - 7:25and a culture around treating bruises:
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7:25 - 7:28masking creams, painkillers, you name it,
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7:28 - 7:30all the while ignoring the fact that people
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7:30 - 7:34are still banging their shins into coffee tables.
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7:34 - 7:37How much better would we be if we treated the cause --
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7:37 - 7:39telling people to pay attention
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7:39 - 7:40when they walk through the living room --
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7:40 - 7:43rather than the effect?
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7:43 - 7:45Getting the cause and the effect right
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7:45 - 7:48makes all the difference in the world.
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7:48 - 7:51Getting it wrong, and the pharmaceutical industry
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7:51 - 7:54can still do very well for its shareholders
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7:54 - 7:57but nothing improves for the people with bruised shins.
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7:57 - 8:00Cause and effect.
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8:00 - 8:02So what I'm suggesting is
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8:02 - 8:05maybe we have the cause and effect wrong
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8:05 - 8:08on obesity and insulin resistance.
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8:08 - 8:09Maybe we should be asking ourselves,
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8:09 - 8:13is it possible that insulin resistance causes weight gain
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8:13 - 8:15and the diseases associated with obesity,
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8:15 - 8:17at least in most people?
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8:17 - 8:20What if being obese is just a metabolic response
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8:20 - 8:22to something much more threatening,
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8:22 - 8:24an underlying epidemic,
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8:24 - 8:27the one we ought to be worried about?
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8:27 - 8:28Let's look at some suggestive facts.
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8:28 - 8:31We know that 30 million obese Americans
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8:31 - 8:34in the United States don't have insulin resistance.
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8:34 - 8:36And by the way, they don't appear to be at any
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8:36 - 8:39greater risk of disease than lean people.
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8:39 - 8:42Conversely, we know that six million lean people
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8:42 - 8:45in the United States are insulin-resistant,
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8:45 - 8:48and by the way, they appear to be at even greater risk
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8:48 - 8:50for those metabolic diseases I mentioned a moment ago
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8:50 - 8:52than their obese counterparts.
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8:52 - 8:54Now I don't know why, but it might be because,
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8:54 - 8:57in their case, their cells haven't actually figured out
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8:57 - 9:00the right thing to do with that excess energy.
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9:00 - 9:04So if you can be obese and not have insulin resistance,
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9:04 - 9:05and you can be lean and have it,
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9:05 - 9:10this suggests that obesity may just be a proxy
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9:10 - 9:13for what's going on.
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9:13 - 9:15So what if we're fighting the wrong war,
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9:15 - 9:19fighting obesity rather than insulin resistance?
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9:19 - 9:22Even worse, what if blaming the obese
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9:22 - 9:25means we're blaming the victims?
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9:25 - 9:29What if some of our fundamental ideas about obesity
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9:29 - 9:31are just wrong?
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9:31 - 9:35Personally, I can't afford the luxury of arrogance anymore,
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9:35 - 9:37let alone the luxury of certainty.
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9:37 - 9:40I have my own ideas about what could be at the heart of this,
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9:40 - 9:42but I'm wide open to others.
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9:42 - 9:45Now, my hypothesis, because everybody always asks me,
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9:45 - 9:47is this.
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9:47 - 9:50If you ask yourself, what's a cell trying to protect itself from
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9:50 - 9:51when it becomes insulin resistant,
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9:51 - 9:54the answer probably isn't too much food.
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9:54 - 9:58It's more likely too much glucose: blood sugar.
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9:58 - 10:00Now, we know that refined grains and starches
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10:00 - 10:02elevate your blood sugar in the short run,
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10:02 - 10:04and there's even reason to believe that sugar
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10:04 - 10:07may lead to insulin resistance directly.
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10:07 - 10:11So if you put these physiological processes to work,
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10:11 - 10:14I'd hypothesize that it might be our increased intake
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10:14 - 10:17of refined grains, sugars and starches that's driving
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10:17 - 10:22this epidemic of obesity and diabetes,
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10:22 - 10:24but through insulin resistance,
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10:24 - 10:28you see, and not necessarily through just overeating and under-exercising.
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10:28 - 10:30When I lost my 40 pounds a few years ago,
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10:30 - 10:33I did it simply by restricting those things,
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10:33 - 10:36which admittedly suggests I have a bias
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10:36 - 10:39based on my personal experience.
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10:39 - 10:41But that doesn't mean my bias is wrong,
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10:41 - 10:45and most important, all of this can be tested scientifically.
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10:45 - 10:48But step one is accepting the possibility
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10:48 - 10:51that our current beliefs about obesity,
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10:51 - 10:54diabetes and insulin resistance could be wrong
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10:54 - 10:57and therefore must be tested.
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10:57 - 10:59I'm betting my career on this.
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10:59 - 11:03Today, I devote all of my time to working on this problem,
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11:03 - 11:06and I'll go wherever the science takes me.
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11:06 - 11:10I've decided that what I can't and won't do anymore
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11:10 - 11:13is pretend I have the answers when I don't.
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11:13 - 11:17I've been humbled enough by all I don't know.
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11:17 - 11:19For the past year, I've been fortunate enough
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11:19 - 11:22to work on this problem with the most amazing team
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11:22 - 11:26of diabetes and obesity researchers in the country,
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11:26 - 11:27and the best part is,
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11:27 - 11:31just like Abraham Lincoln surrounded himself with a team of rivals,
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11:31 - 11:33we've done the same thing.
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11:33 - 11:36We've recruited a team of scientific rivals,
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11:36 - 11:39the best and brightest who all have different hypotheses
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11:39 - 11:41for what's at the heart of this epidemic.
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11:41 - 11:43Some think it's too many calories consumed.
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11:43 - 11:46Others think it's too much dietary fat.
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11:46 - 11:49Others think it's too many refined grains and starches.
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11:49 - 11:52But this team of multi-disciplinary,
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11:52 - 11:55highly skeptical and exceedingly talented researchers
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11:55 - 11:57do agree on two things.
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11:57 - 12:01First, this problem is just simply too important
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12:01 - 12:03to continue ignoring because we think we know the answer.
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12:03 - 12:06And two, if we're willing to be wrong,
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12:06 - 12:09if we're willing to challenge the conventional wisdom
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12:09 - 12:12with the best experiments science can offer,
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12:12 - 12:14we can solve this problem.
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12:14 - 12:17I know it's tempting to want an answer right now,
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12:17 - 12:22some form of action or policy, some dietary prescription --
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12:22 - 12:23eat this, not that —
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12:23 - 12:25but if we want to get it right,
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12:25 - 12:27we're going to have to do much more rigorous science
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12:27 - 12:30before we can write that prescription.
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12:30 - 12:33Briefly, to address this, our research program
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12:33 - 12:36is focused around three meta-themes, or questions.
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12:36 - 12:39First, how do the various foods we consume
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12:39 - 12:42impact our metabolism, hormones and enzymes,
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12:42 - 12:45and through what nuanced molecular mechanisms?
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12:45 - 12:47Second, based on these insights,
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12:47 - 12:50can people make the necessary changes in their diets
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12:50 - 12:53in a way that's safe and practical to implement?
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12:53 - 12:56And finally, once we identify what safe
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12:56 - 12:59and practical changes people can make to their diet,
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12:59 - 13:03how can we move their behavior in that direction
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13:03 - 13:05so that it becomes more the default
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13:05 - 13:07rather than the exception?
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13:07 - 13:10Just because you know what to do doesn't mean
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13:10 - 13:11you're always going to do it.
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13:11 - 13:13Sometimes we have to put cues around people
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13:13 - 13:16to make it easier, and believe it or not,
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13:16 - 13:19that can be studied scientifically.
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13:19 - 13:22I don't know how this journey is going to end,
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13:22 - 13:26but this much seems clear to me, at least:
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13:26 - 13:31We can't keep blaming our overweight and diabetic patients
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13:31 - 13:34like I did.
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13:34 - 13:36Most of them actually want to do the right thing,
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13:36 - 13:40but they have to know what that is,
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13:40 - 13:43and it's got to work.
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13:43 - 13:47I dream of a day when our patients can
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13:47 - 13:49shed their excess pounds
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13:49 - 13:52and cure themselves of insulin resistance,
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13:52 - 13:55because as medical professionals,
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13:55 - 13:57we've shed our excess mental baggage
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13:57 - 14:00and cured ourselves of new idea resistance sufficiently
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14:00 - 14:03to go back to our original ideals:
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14:03 - 14:07open minds, the courage to throw out yesterday's ideas
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14:07 - 14:11when they don't appear to be working,
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14:11 - 14:14and the understanding that scientific truth isn't final,
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14:14 - 14:17but constantly evolving.
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14:17 - 14:20Staying true to that path will be better for our patients
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14:20 - 14:23and better for science.
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14:23 - 14:26If obesity is nothing more than a proxy
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14:26 - 14:28for metabolic illness,
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14:28 - 14:33what good does it do us to punish those with the proxy?
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14:33 - 14:38Sometimes I think back to that night in the E.R.
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14:38 - 14:40seven years ago.
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14:40 - 14:44I wish I could speak with that woman again.
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14:44 - 14:47I'd like to tell her how sorry I am.
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14:47 - 14:50I'd say, as a doctor, I delivered
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14:50 - 14:54the best clinical care I could,
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14:54 - 14:58but as a human being,
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14:58 - 15:00I let you down.
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15:00 - 15:04You didn't need my judgment and my contempt.
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15:04 - 15:09You needed my empathy and compassion,
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15:09 - 15:11and above all else, you needed a doctor
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15:11 - 15:13who was willing to consider
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15:13 - 15:16maybe you didn't let the system down.
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15:16 - 15:20Maybe the system, of which I was a part,
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15:20 - 15:22was letting you down.
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15:22 - 15:25If you're watching this now,
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15:25 - 15:29I hope you can forgive me.
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15:29 - 15:33(Applause)
- Title:
- Is the obesity crisis hiding a bigger problem?
- Speaker:
- Peter Attia
- Description:
-
As a young surgeon, Peter Attia felt contempt for a patient with diabetes. She was overweight, he thought, and thus responsible for the fact that she needed a foot amputation. But years later, Attia received an unpleasant medical surprise that led him to wonder: is our understanding of diabetes right? Could the precursors to diabetes cause obesity, and not the other way around? A look at how assumptions may be leading us to wage the wrong medical war.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 15:58
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for Is the obesity crisis hiding a bigger problem? | ||
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Thu-Huong Ha approved English subtitles for Is the obesity crisis hiding a bigger problem? | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for Is the obesity crisis hiding a bigger problem? | ||
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Morton Bast edited English subtitles for Is the obesity crisis hiding a bigger problem? | ||
Joseph Geni added a translation |
Krystian Aparta
The English transcript was changed on 3/2/2015. At 05:46, "of ourselves to partition fuel," was changed to "of our cells to partition fuel,". At 08:48, "for those metabolic disease I mentioned a moment ago" was changed to "for those metabolic diseases I mentioned a moment ago."