His and hers … healthcare
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0:01 - 0:03Some of my most wonderful memories of childhood
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0:03 - 0:07are of spending time with my grandmother, Mamar,
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0:07 - 0:11in our four-family home in Brooklyn, New York.
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0:11 - 0:14Her apartment was an oasis.
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0:14 - 0:16It was a place where I could sneak a cup of coffee,
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0:16 - 0:20which was really warm milk
with just a touch of caffeine. -
0:20 - 0:22She loved life.
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0:22 - 0:25And although she worked in a factory,
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0:25 - 0:28she saved her pennies and she traveled to Europe.
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0:28 - 0:31And I remember poring over those pictures with her
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0:31 - 0:35and then dancing with her to her favorite music.
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0:35 - 0:40And then, when I was eight and she was 60,
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0:40 - 0:42something changed.
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0:42 - 0:44She no longer worked or traveled.
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0:44 - 0:46She no longer danced.
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0:46 - 0:49There were no more coffee times.
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0:49 - 0:51My mother missed work and took her to doctors
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0:51 - 0:53who couldn't make a diagnosis.
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0:53 - 0:59And my father, who worked at night,
would spend every afternoon with her, -
0:59 - 1:02just to make sure she ate.
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1:02 - 1:07Her care became all-consuming for our family.
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1:07 - 1:08And by the time a diagnosis was made,
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1:08 - 1:11she was in a deep spiral.
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1:11 - 1:14Now many of you will recognize her symptoms.
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1:14 - 1:17My grandmother had depression.
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1:17 - 1:20A deep, life-altering depression,
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1:20 - 1:24from which she never recovered.
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1:24 - 1:27And back then, so little
was known about depression. -
1:27 - 1:31But even today, 50 years later,
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1:31 - 1:34there's still so much more to learn.
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1:34 - 1:39Today, we know that women
are 70 percent more likely -
1:39 - 1:42to experience depression over their lifetimes
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1:42 - 1:44compared with men.
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1:44 - 1:47And even with this high prevalence,
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1:47 - 1:53women are misdiagnosed between
30 and 50 percent of the time. -
1:53 - 1:56Now we know that women are more likely
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1:56 - 2:02to experience the symptoms
of fatigue, sleep disturbance, -
2:02 - 2:04pain and anxiety compared with men.
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2:04 - 2:07And these symptoms are often overlooked
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2:07 - 2:10as symptoms of depression.
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2:10 - 2:14And it isn't only depression in which
these sex differences occur, -
2:14 - 2:18but they occur across so many diseases.
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2:18 - 2:20So it's my grandmother's struggles
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2:20 - 2:24that have really led me on a lifelong quest.
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2:24 - 2:27And today, I lead a center in which the mission
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2:27 - 2:31is to discover why these sex differences occur
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2:31 - 2:33and to use that knowledge
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2:33 - 2:36to improve the health of women.
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2:36 - 2:40Today, we know that every cell has a sex.
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2:40 - 2:44Now, that's a term coined
by the Institute of Medicine. -
2:44 - 2:48And what it means is that
men and women are different -
2:48 - 2:52down to the cellular and molecular levels.
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2:52 - 2:57It means that we're different
across all of our organs. -
2:57 - 3:03From our brains to our hearts, our lungs, our joints.
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3:03 - 3:06Now, it was only 20 years ago
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3:06 - 3:10that we hardly had any data on women's health
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3:10 - 3:13beyond our reproductive functions.
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3:13 - 3:16But then in 1993,
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3:16 - 3:21the NIH Revitalization Act was signed into law.
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3:21 - 3:23And what this law did was it mandated
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3:23 - 3:28that women and minorities
be included in clinical trials -
3:28 - 3:32that were funded by the National Institutes of Health.
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3:32 - 3:35And in many ways, the law has worked.
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3:35 - 3:38Women are now routinely
included in clinical studies, -
3:38 - 3:41and we've learned that there are major differences
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3:41 - 3:43in the ways that women and men
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3:43 - 3:45experience disease.
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3:45 - 3:47But remarkably,
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3:47 - 3:53what we have learned about these
differences is often overlooked. -
3:53 - 3:56So, we have to ask ourselves the question:
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3:56 - 4:01Why leave women's health to chance?
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4:01 - 4:04And we're leaving it to chance in two ways.
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4:04 - 4:07The first is that there is so much more to learn
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4:07 - 4:10and we're not making the investment
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4:10 - 4:14in fully understanding the extent
of these sex differences. -
4:14 - 4:19And the second is that we aren't
taking what we have learned, -
4:19 - 4:22and routinely applying it in clinical care.
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4:22 - 4:26We are just not doing enough.
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4:26 - 4:28So, I'm going to share with you three examples
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4:28 - 4:32of where sex differences have
impacted the health of women, -
4:32 - 4:35and where we need to do more.
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4:35 - 4:37Let's start with heart disease.
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4:37 - 4:42It's the number one killer of women
in the United States today. -
4:42 - 4:45This is the face of heart disease.
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4:45 - 4:47Linda is a middle-aged woman,
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4:47 - 4:50who had a stent placed in one of the arteries
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4:50 - 4:52going to her heart.
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4:52 - 4:55When she had recurring symptoms
she went back to her doctor. -
4:55 - 4:58Her doctor did the gold standard test:
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4:58 - 5:00a cardiac catheterization.
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5:00 - 5:03It showed no blockages.
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5:03 - 5:05Linda's symptoms continued.
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5:05 - 5:07She had to stop working.
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5:07 - 5:10And that's when she found us.
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5:10 - 5:14When Linda came to us, we did
another cardiac catheterization -
5:14 - 5:17and this time, we found clues.
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5:17 - 5:20But we needed another test
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5:20 - 5:22to make the diagnosis.
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5:22 - 5:27So we did a test called an intracoronary ultrasound,
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5:27 - 5:29where you use soundwaves to look at the artery
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5:29 - 5:32from the inside out.
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5:32 - 5:34And what we found
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5:34 - 5:36was that Linda's disease didn't look like
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5:36 - 5:40the typical male disease.
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5:40 - 5:43The typical male disease looks like this.
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5:43 - 5:46There's a discrete blockage or stenosis.
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5:46 - 5:50Linda's disease, like the disease of so many women,
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5:50 - 5:52looks like this.
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5:52 - 5:56The plaque is laid down more evenly, more diffusely
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5:56 - 6:00along the artery, and it's harder to see.
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6:00 - 6:03So for Linda, and for so many women,
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6:03 - 6:07the gold standard test wasn't gold.
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6:07 - 6:10Now, Linda received the right treatment.
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6:10 - 6:12She went back to her life and, fortunately, today
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6:12 - 6:14she is doing well.
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6:14 - 6:15But Linda was lucky.
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6:15 - 6:18She found us, we found her disease.
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6:18 - 6:21But for too many women, that's not the case.
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6:21 - 6:23We have the tools.
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6:23 - 6:27We have the technology to make the diagnosis.
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6:27 - 6:30But it's all too often that these sex diffferences
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6:30 - 6:33are overlooked.
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6:33 - 6:35So what about treatment?
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6:35 - 6:37A landmark study that was published two years ago
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6:37 - 6:40asked the very important question:
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6:40 - 6:45What are the most effective treatments
for heart disease in women? -
6:45 - 6:49The authors looked at papers
written over a 10-year period, -
6:49 - 6:51and hundreds had to be thrown out.
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6:51 - 6:56And what they found out was that
of those that were tossed out, -
6:56 - 6:5965 percent were excluded
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6:59 - 7:04because even though women
were included in the studies, -
7:04 - 7:10the analysis didn't differentiate
between women and men. -
7:10 - 7:13What a lost opportunity.
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7:13 - 7:15The money had been spent
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7:15 - 7:18and we didn't learn how women fared.
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7:18 - 7:20And these studies could not contribute one iota
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7:20 - 7:23to the very, very important question,
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7:23 - 7:25what are the most effective treatments
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7:25 - 7:28for heart disease in women?
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7:28 - 7:34I want to introduce you to
Hortense, my godmother, -
7:34 - 7:37Hung Wei, a relative of a colleague,
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7:37 - 7:39and somebody you may recognize --
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7:39 - 7:43Dana, Christopher Reeve's wife.
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7:43 - 7:47All three women have something
very important in common. -
7:47 - 7:51All three were diagnosed with lung cancer,
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7:51 - 7:54the number one cancer killer of women
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7:54 - 7:56in the United States today.
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7:56 - 8:00All three were nonsmokers.
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8:00 - 8:05Sadly, Dana and Hung Wei died of their disease.
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8:05 - 8:12Today, what we know is that women who are
nonsmokers are three times more likely -
8:12 - 8:14to be diagnosed with lung cancer than are men
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8:14 - 8:16who are nonsmokers.
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8:16 - 8:20Now interestingly, when women are
diagnosed with lung cancer, -
8:20 - 8:23their survival tends to be better than that of men.
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8:23 - 8:25Now, here are some clues.
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8:25 - 8:27Our investigators have found that there are
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8:27 - 8:32certain genes in the lung tumor
cells of both women and men. -
8:32 - 8:34And these genes are activated
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8:34 - 8:36mainly by estrogen.
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8:36 - 8:39And when these genes are over-expressed,
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8:39 - 8:42it's associated with improved survival
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8:42 - 8:45only in young women.
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8:45 - 8:46Now this is a very early finding
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8:46 - 8:50and we don't yet know whether it has relevance
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8:50 - 8:52to clinical care.
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8:52 - 8:56But it's findings like this that may provide hope
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8:56 - 8:59and may provide an opportunity to save lives
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8:59 - 9:02of both women and men.
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9:02 - 9:03Now, let me share with you an example
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9:03 - 9:07of when we do consider sex differences,
it can drive the science. -
9:07 - 9:09Several years ago a new lung cancer drug
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9:09 - 9:11was being evaluated,
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9:11 - 9:15and when the authors looked
at whose tumors shrank, -
9:15 - 9:19they found that 82 percent were women.
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9:19 - 9:22This led them to ask the question: Well, why?
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9:22 - 9:23And what they found
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9:23 - 9:27was that the genetic mutations
that the drug targeted -
9:27 - 9:29were far more common in women.
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9:29 - 9:31And what this has led to
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9:31 - 9:33is a more personalized approach
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9:33 - 9:37to the treatment of lung cancer
that also includes sex. -
9:37 - 9:40This is what we can accomplish
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9:40 - 9:43when we don't leave women's health to chance.
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9:43 - 9:47We know that when you invest in research,
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9:47 - 9:48you get results.
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9:48 - 9:53Take a look at the death rate
from breast cancer over time. -
9:53 - 9:55And now take a look at the death rates
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9:55 - 9:58from lung cancer in women over time.
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9:58 - 10:02Now let's look at the dollars
invested in breast cancer -- -
10:02 - 10:04these are the dollars invested per death --
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10:04 - 10:09and the dollars invested in lung cancer.
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10:09 - 10:14Now, it's clear that our investment in breast cancer
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10:14 - 10:15has produced results.
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10:15 - 10:18They may not be fast enough,
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10:18 - 10:20but it has produced results.
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10:20 - 10:22We can do the same
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10:22 - 10:27for lung cancer and for every other disease.
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10:27 - 10:30So let's go back to depression.
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10:30 - 10:32Depression is the number one cause
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10:32 - 10:37of disability in women in the world today.
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10:37 - 10:39Our investigators have found
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10:39 - 10:41that there are differences in the brains
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10:41 - 10:42of women and men
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10:42 - 10:46in the areas that are connected with mood.
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10:46 - 10:48And when you put men and women
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10:48 - 10:49in a functional MRI scanner --
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10:49 - 10:54that's the kind of scanner that shows how the brain is functioning when it's activated --
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10:54 - 10:58so you put them in the scanner
and you expose them to stress. -
10:58 - 11:02You can actually see the difference.
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11:02 - 11:05And it's findings like this
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11:05 - 11:07that we believe hold some of the clues
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11:07 - 11:11for why we see these very significant sex differences
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11:11 - 11:13in depression.
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11:13 - 11:15But even though we know
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11:15 - 11:18that these differences occur,
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11:18 - 11:2166 percent
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11:21 - 11:25of the brain research that begins in animals
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11:25 - 11:27is done in either male animals
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11:27 - 11:31or animals in whom the sex is not identified.
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11:31 - 11:35So, I think we have to ask again the question:
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11:35 - 11:40Why leave women's health to chance?
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11:40 - 11:42And this is a question that haunts those of us
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11:42 - 11:44in science and medicine
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11:44 - 11:51who believe that we are on the verge
of being able to dramatically improve -
11:51 - 11:52the health of women.
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11:52 - 11:55We know that every cell has a sex.
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11:55 - 11:58We know that these differences
are often overlooked. -
11:58 - 12:02And therefore we know that women
are not getting the full benefit -
12:02 - 12:06of modern science and medicine today.
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12:06 - 12:08We have the tools
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12:08 - 12:11but we lack the collective will and momentum.
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12:11 - 12:14Women's health is an equal rights issue
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12:14 - 12:18as important as equal pay.
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12:18 - 12:20And it's an issue of the quality
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12:20 - 12:23and the integrity of science and medicine.
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12:23 - 12:31(Applause)
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12:31 - 12:35So imagine the momentum we could achieve
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12:35 - 12:37in advancing the health of women
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12:37 - 12:40if we considered whether these
sex differences were present -
12:40 - 12:44at the very beginning of designing research.
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12:44 - 12:48Or if we analyzed our data by sex.
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12:48 - 12:50So, people often ask me:
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12:50 - 12:51What can I do?
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12:51 - 12:54And here's what I suggest:
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12:54 - 12:58First, I suggest that you think about women's health
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12:58 - 13:00in the same way
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13:00 - 13:06that you think and care about other
causes that are important to you. -
13:06 - 13:09And second, and equally as important,
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13:09 - 13:11that as a woman,
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13:11 - 13:14you have to ask your doctor
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13:14 - 13:18and the doctors who are caring
for those who you love: -
13:18 - 13:23Is this disease or treatment different in women?
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13:23 - 13:26Now, this is a profound question
because the answer is likely yes, -
13:26 - 13:30but your doctor may not know
the answer, at least not yet. -
13:30 - 13:35But if you ask the question,
your doctor will very likely -
13:35 - 13:37go looking for the answer.
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13:37 - 13:39And this is so important,
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13:39 - 13:41not only for ourselves,
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13:41 - 13:44but for all of those whom we love.
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13:44 - 13:48Whether it be a mother, a daughter, a sister,
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13:48 - 13:52a friend or a grandmother.
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13:52 - 13:54It was my grandmother's suffering
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13:54 - 13:56that inspired my work
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13:56 - 13:59to improve the health of women.
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13:59 - 14:02That's her legacy.
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14:02 - 14:06Our legacy can be to improve the health of women
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14:06 - 14:08for this generation
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14:08 - 14:11and for generations to come.
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14:11 - 14:14Thank you.
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14:14 - 14:17(Applause)
- Title:
- His and hers … healthcare
- Speaker:
- Paula Johnson
- Description:
-
Every cell in the human body has a sex, which means that men and women are different right down to the cellular level. Yet too often, research and medicine ignore this insight -- and the often startlingly different ways in which the two sexes respond to disease or treatment. As pioneering doctor Paula Johnson describes in this thought-provoking talk, lumping everyone in together means we essentially leave women's health to chance. It's time to rethink.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 14:42
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for His and hers ... health care | ||
janet dragojevic edited English subtitles for His and hers ... health care | ||
Morton Bast approved English subtitles for His and hers ... health care | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for His and hers ... health care | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for His and hers ... health care | ||
Madeleine Aronson accepted English subtitles for His and hers ... health care | ||
Madeleine Aronson edited English subtitles for His and hers ... health care | ||
tom carter edited English subtitles for His and hers ... health care |