Andy Carvin: How Wide's the Digital Divide? 2006
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Not Synced(Applause)
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Not Synced(Andy Carvin) Good morning.
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Not SyncedFor a couple of moments there I really had no idea what Joey was talking about (laughter)
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Not SyncedSo, he'd ask me a few minutes ago to critique his introductory remarks
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Not Syncedand, you know, all I did was this (laughter)
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Not SyncedFor those of you who are listening to the podcast of that,
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Not SyncedI was doing a "We're not worthy" kind of thing on the ground. (laughter)
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Not SyncedYes, I am recording this.
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Not SyncedFor those of you who are contemplating taking notes fret not.
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Not SyncedYou really don't have to because the presentation, this powerpoint,
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Not Syncedis already on my blog, andycarvin.com .
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Not SyncedIt's been released on what's called a Creative Commons license
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Not Syncedand I'll talk about that later,
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Not Syncedbut that basically means you can use it almost any way you want.
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Not SyncedAnd with this little digital recorder I have here I'm going to be taping my presentation
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Not Syncedand making it available as a podcast on my blog as well.
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Not SyncedSo, if you're really obsessed about taking notes, you know, have at it.
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Not SyncedBut if you're on the fence about it like I am about these kinds of things,
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Not Synceddon't worry about it, hang back and instead it would be better for you
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Not Syncedto be thinking about some really good questions to throw me by the end of this presentation.
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Not SyncedSo, first of all what exactly is the Digital Divide?
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Not SyncedThe term has been around for at least 10 years, now,
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Not Syncedprobably since around 1992, 1993.
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Not SyncedAnd it often gets used in very different ways.
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Not SyncedIn fact, one of the very first uses of the Digital Divide I ever heard
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Not Syncedwas on a Greatful Dead's discussion list in the early 90's,
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Not Syncedwhere a Dead Head was describing the challenges he had
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Not Syncedrecording Greateful Dead's concerts,
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Not Syncedand he was about to make the leap from analog recording to digital recording
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Not Syncedand so, he was asking for assistance in bridging this digital divide.
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Not SyncedHe could easily have been the one to claim to coin it
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Not Syncedbut thankfully, the term has evolved since then to mean a variety of things.
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Not SyncedBut when I talk about the digital divide, I try to summarize it in three very basic ways.
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Not SyncedIn the most basic sense, it's the gap that exists between populations
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Not Syncedin terms of who has access to ICTs, or Information and Communication Technologies,
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Not Syncedand who doesn't.
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Not SyncedSo, that includes the internet, computers and the like.
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Not SyncedFor a long time, when people talked about the digital divide, the definition stopped there.
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Not SyncedThey would just look at who had internet access at home,
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Not Syncedwho had access at school,
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Not Syncedand that was only marginally useful, in my perspective.
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Not SyncedIt -- I think it became much more important to treat also as equal factors
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Not Syncedaccess to literacy skills and the ability to use ICTs effectively,
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Not Syncedbecause if every person on the globe had internet access tomorrow,
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Not Syncedif they weren't functionally literate, if they weren't IT-literate,
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Not Syncedthen their internet access would be rather meaningless to them.
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Not SyncedSimilarly, you'll need to have access to high-quality, robust and diverse content,
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Not Syncedand the ability and the skills to create content yourselves.
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Not SyncedAnd we'll talk a bit more about that later.
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Not SyncedSometimes these three ideas have been described as the ABC's of the digital divide:
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Not SyncedAccess, Basic skills and Content.
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Not SyncedNow where does this term come from? (laughter)
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Not SyncedIt's a tough question and people have been tossing around the question
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Not Syncedfor a very long time.
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Not SyncedSometimes people are giving credit to Al Gore.
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Not SyncedHe may not have invented the Information Superhighway,
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Not Syncedhe did invent the term, though, interestingly:
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Not Syncedhe's been using the term Information Superhighway since the late 70's
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Not Syncedand some have said that he tried claiming to have invented the internet.
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Not SyncedWell, we'll leave that for historians to judge, but I think we all know better.
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Not SyncedSimilarly, occasionally people attribute Bill Gates as coining the term.
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Not SyncedHe didn't.
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Not SyncedPerhaps it was some anonymous beltway bureaucrat in Washington.
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Not SyncedThe fact of the matter is, we simply don't know.
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Not SyncedThe term has been around since, at least, the early 90's.
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Not SyncedI think the first time I've heard it was around 1993, from a -- early 1994 --
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Not Syncedfrom a K-12 educator named Bonnie Bracey
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Not Syncedwho was working on an advisory commission that President Clinton had organized
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Not Syncedabout the information infrastructure, as this internet and everything else was called back then.
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Not SyncedBut the term had been around even prior to that.
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Not SyncedWhen you ask people who are often credited with coining the term,
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Not Syncedthey always pass the buck and say:
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Not Synced"No, it wasn't me, I got it from someone else, but frankly I don't remember whom."
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Not SyncedAnd so, in fact I think it is quite likely that the term may have been indeed created
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Not Syncedby some anonymous betlway bureaucrat, or an anonymous educator,
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Not Syncedor someone else who started using it in their professional networks,
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Not Syncedonline networks, and social networks.
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Not SyncedAnd by the mid-1990's, it had become a term of art to describe this gap between the have's and the have-not's.
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Not SyncedAnd I should also add that the have's and the have-not's, that term,
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Not Syncedhas actually been around much, much longer than the term digital divide.
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Not SyncedIn fact, it was coined by Cervantes.
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Not SyncedIf you go and read Don Quixote, you'll see that Sancho Panza describes his grandmother
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Not Syncedas coming from a family who represented the have's rather than the haven't's.
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Not SyncedAnd so, that term has been used to describe equity issues and poverty ever since.
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Not SyncedSo, the digital divide has been a policy issue at one level or another for over 10 years, now.
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Not SyncedMuch of it began in '93,
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Not Syncedwhen President Clinton created this Advisory Council I mentioned a few minutes ago,
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Not Syncedthis National Information Infrastructure Advisory Council.
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Not SyncedBasically, they were given the task to take a look at this Information Superhighway,
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Not Syncedfigure out where it was going, whether it was going to leave the country,
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Not Syncedand what it was going to mean if some people had access to it and some people didn't.
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Not SyncedBy 1994, the Commerce Department was releasing a report, which eventually became a series of reports,
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Not Syncedknown as Falling through the Net,
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Not Syncedand this became essentially a national benchmark on the digital divide.
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Not SyncedAnd initially, they were just looking at who had telephone access and who had computer access
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Not Syncedand who didn't.
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Not SyncedBut in the years since then it evolved to a much deeper look
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Not Syncedat the state of the digital divide in America. (6:22)
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Not SyncedAs the years go by, a variety of things happen.
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Not SyncedThis advisory council recommended that all schools and libraries
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Not Syncedbe wired to the internet.
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Not SyncedAnd after the Telecom act of 1996 was passed, that became a reality
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Not Syncedthrough the creation of the E-Rate program, which offers government
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Not Syncedsubsidies to cover the cost of intenet access at schools, libraries, and public health institutions.
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Not SyncedBy 1999, the digital divide policy debate had reached a fever-pitch
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Not Syncedin which it was often in the national headlines, it was being discussed by
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Not Syncedgovernment leaders and business leaders all over the country.
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Not SyncedAnd by December of that year, President Clinton hosted a national digital divide summit.
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Not SyncedWhich as it turns out is the first and only national level government summit on the digital divide.
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Not SyncedIt was a great time to be working in this field.
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Not SyncedIt was a bipartisan, or at least a non-partisan issue.
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Not SyncedAnd essentially we were all engaging in a big retorical policy group hug.
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Not SyncedIt was a good time to be doing this.
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Not SyncedBut it's been rough over the last few years.
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Not SyncedIn many ways, some people have pointed specifically to September 11
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Not Syncedas being the watershed moment for the digital divide,
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Not Syncedbecause resources started going in other directions -- going to international policy issues.
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Not SyncedSimilarly at that time, No Child Left Behind was being developed,
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Not Syncedand that changed many of the policy goals, specificaly in K-12 education.
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Not SyncedAt the same time, unfortunately, there was also a change in political climate,
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Not Syncedin the sense that when you talked about certain issues the terms you would use
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Not Syncedwould often have a bent to them.
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Not SyncedThe rhetoric would often be seen as left or right.
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Not SyncedIn the case of the term 'digital divide', it got associated with Clinton and Gore
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Not Syncedbecause they were very vocal about it.
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Not SyncedAnd despite the fact that you had politcians from both sides
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Not Syncedof the political spectrum supporting digital divide initiatives,
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Not Syncedit started being discussed in a more partisan manner.
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Not SyncedAnd it had started splitting coalitions that had once existed.
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Not SyncedAs time goes by we found ourselves in a situation where there was being
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Not Syncedless emphasis being pitted at a national level on bridging the digital divide,
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Not Syncedand instead it was being made a local issue, a state issue,
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Not Syncedand issue for civil society in the private sector to deal with.
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Not SyncedAnd so slowly but surely, the momentum in the national level leadership
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Not Syncedthat once existed on bridging the digital divide started splitting off
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Not Syncedand going on in its own directions.
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Not SyncedMeanwhie though, while the digital divide has become less of an issue here,
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Not Syncedit's become a huge issue in pretty much every place on the planet.
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Not SyncedIn the late '90s, the U.N. decided to host a series of presidential-level world summits
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Not Syncedon internet policy called the World Summit on the Information Society,
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Not Syncedthe first of which took place in 2003, and then the next one two years later
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Not Syncedjust in the past November in Tunisia.
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Not SyncedAnd this was the first times that world leaders gathered
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Not Syncedto discuss the digital divide and strategies for bridging it.
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Not SyncedAnd so, while on the one hand you rarely ever hear
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Not Syncedabout the digital divide being discussed in the U.S. media or by U.S. politicians,
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Not Syncedit's something that you find on a regular basis when you look at media accounts
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Not Syncedfrom almost every other country in the world.
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Not SyncedSo this raises the quesion, are we at a point where
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Not Syncedthe digital divide has become a non-issue here in the U.S.?
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Not SyncedThere are some arguments to suggest that maybe it is a non-issue.
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Not SyncedFor example, the Pew Internet and American Life Project in Washington D.C.
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Not Syncedwhich is an extraordinary research group that I have immense respect for,
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Not Syncedand I have been a fan of their work for a very long time...
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Not Syncedthey came out with some startling statistics earlier this year in which they said:
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Not Synced60% of blacks, 73% of whites, and 79% of English speaking Latinos go online here in the U.S.
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Not SyncedThis completely defied conventional wisdom on the digital divide.
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Not SyncedHistorically we had always thought of whites as being leaders on the digital divide,
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Not Syncedwith African-Americans coming second and Latinos coming third.
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Not SyncedBut this data was suggesting something else.
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Not SyncedMeanwhile, almost every single K-12 school in America is online today.
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Not SyncedAlmost every school of higher education is online today.
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Not SyncedAlmost every library is online today.
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Not SyncedSo just from those stats alone it might cause some people to think there is no digital divide.
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Not SyncedIn fact, there was an article in the New York Times just a couple of weeks ago
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Not Syncedabout the digital divide in African-Americans and the report interviewed Magic Johnson,
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Not Syncedwho along with being a basketball star has been a leading community technology activist
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Not Syncedthrough his foundation for much of the last ten years,
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Not Syncedand so when the reporter asked him about the digital divide
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Not SyncedMagic Johnson responded by saying "what digital divide?"
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Not SyncedSo that raises some interesting questions.
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Not SyncedWhen people like Magic Johnson and others, who once were seen as
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Not Syncedthe forefathers of the movement if you will, are beginning to suggest
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Not Syncedthat maybe we really don't have to be worrying about this digital divide any more.
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Not SyncedBut when I look at the issue, I think there are some flaws in these arguments.
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Not SyncedNot all access is equal.
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Not SyncedWhen you look at the data that came from
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Not Syncedthe Pew Internet and American Life project you'll see that they ask the question
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Not Syncedof whether or not people have gone online.
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Not SyncedThey don't ask how you've gone online, or the qualitative situation
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Not Syncedyou are in while you are going online.
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Not SyncedThere's a big difference between having access somewhere,
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Not Syncedwhether it's at work, or in your community, or at school,
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Not Syncedverus having continuous access at home.
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Not SyncedMeanwhile, the Latino data, as I mentioned before,
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Not Syncedonly took a look at English-speaking Latinos.
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Not SyncedWhich is a sizeable part of the Latino population in the U.S., no doubt,
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Not Syncedbut the fact that they didn't factor in those households that don't speak English
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Not Syncedor don't speak English well, in some ways causes concern for me
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Not Syncedbecause these households are some of the least likely housholds to have internet access.
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Not SyncedAnd it's really important for us to think about the digital divide
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Not Syncedas being a home issue and a family issue, because for many people
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Not Syncedthat's where they have an opportunity to be most productive.
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Not SyncedIt's the place where you can work on your own schedule,
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Not Syncedyou're not limited to the infrastructure that exists publicly,
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Not Syncedso even though 99% of the libraries in America have internet access
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Not Syncedsome libraries are only open one or two days a week,
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Not Syncedfor maybe three or four hours at a time.
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Not SyncedSo even though there is a large internet blanket covering
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Not Syncedpublic libraries in America, if you add up the number of hours
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Not Syncedfor many communities, especially low-income communities and rural ones,
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Not Syncedthey simply don't have the capacity at the moment,
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Not Syncedand don't have the resources to serve those populations that don't have internet access at home.
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Not SyncedSo where do we stand right now?
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Not SyncedWe're running a little behind in terms of having a good national snapshot
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Not Syncedof the digital divide at home.
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Not SyncedThe Department of Commerce usually does a study every couple of years
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Not Syncedand we're over-due for one now.
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Not SyncedSo the last one came out in the fall of 2004.
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Not SyncedSo, if you go back almost ten years ago, almost 20% of homes had internet access.
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Not SyncedBut by the time they did the study two years ago, it was around 65%.
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Not SyncedSo I would venture to guess that the access level is probably closer to 70% or even 75% at home.
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Not SyncedSimilarly, that study suggested that there were around 25% of homes that were online.
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Not SyncedI would assume it's now one-third are now online with broadband.
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Not SyncedBut we're still waiting for the latest data to come in.
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Not SyncedThe digital divide becomes more stark when you break down the numbers
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Not Syncedon a variety of factors.
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Not SyncedFirst here is internet and ethnicity.
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Not SyncedIt's a contrast to what the information coming out of Pew suggested.
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Not SyncedHere we have white households and Asian-American households
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Not Syncedbeing highly online, though I find the Asian data
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Not Synceda little misleading because it lumps all Asian communities together
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Not Syncedand it doesn't differentiate between Japanese-Americans and Korean-Americans
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Not Syncedand Chinese-Americans who may have been in the country for three, four, five generations
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Not Syncedand are all middle-class and well-established, versus Asian immigrant populations
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Not Syncedthat may have come over in the last generation, still struggling sometimes with
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Not Syncedlanguage and literacy issues and are often on the lower end of the income brackets.
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Not SyncedBut the data collects them as one large ethnic group and I think that skews it.
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Not SyncedAfrican-American households have about 50% access online,
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Not Syncedand Latinos were behind at about 37%.
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Not SyncedSo that's in stark contrast to what the Pew data was showing.
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Not SyncedNow if you look at the trends over the last ten years regarding internet and ethnicity,
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Not Syncedyou'll see that in some ways the digital divide has actually widened.
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Not SyncedIf you go back to 1994, there was a much smaller point spread
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Not Syncedbetween white households, blacks, and Latinos,
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Not Syncedversus where it is today.
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Not SyncedAnd in fact, at one point Latinos had slightly higher access than African-Americans,
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Not Syncedbut then sometime around 2000 it started to switch and that gap has widened as well.
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Not SyncedWe also have an income digital divide gap,
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Not Syncedin which households that earn more money are much more likely to be online
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Not Syncedand those people who live at the poverty level are least likely to be online.
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Not SyncedThat should come as a no-brainer in many ways, it shouldn't be a major surprise.
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Not SyncedThe biggest gap though appears to occur when it comes to education.
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Not SyncedSo if you have a Bachelor's degree or higher, there's a very very high chance,
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Not Synced85% chance or higher...that 85% of those households are going to have internet access at home.
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Not SyncedBut meanwhile if you look at households that don't have a high-school diploma,
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Not Syncedor a GED, at least two years when this data came out it was only 16%.
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Not SyncedHave those numbers gone up a bit?
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Not SyncedI'm sure they have somewhat, but as long as people lack
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Not Synceda broad range of educational skills to use technology effectively,
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Not Syncedthen it's very unlikely that many of them are going to have internet access in their home.
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Not SyncedIn many ways, we've got a very bizzare situation,
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Not Syncedwhat I often call the access paradox.
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Not SyncedAnd that is: the more people are online, the worse the digital divide gets.
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Not SyncedNow, even when I say that it doesn't even feel right,
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Not Syncedbecause you think "well, okay if you've got a community
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Not Syncedwhere 80-90% of the population is online,
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Not Syncedyou've bridged the digital divide, right?"
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Not SyncedWell, maybe not. Because we're in a situation now where
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Not Syncedthe vast majority of main-stream, middle-class America is online,
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Not Syncedwhether at home, or somewhere else in the community.
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Not SyncedMarginalized America continues to be offline in many ways.
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Not SyncedThese include: recent immigrant populations, people with disabilities,
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Not Syncedpeople with limited literacy skills, etc etc.
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Not SyncedAnd the reason why this has become more of a problem is
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Not Syncedwe've reached a point in time where internet access
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Not Syncedis generally assumed among a population.
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Not SyncedJust before I started speaking, Joe asked the question
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Not Syncedhow many of you were moving services online that
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Not Syncedwere solely going to be online, and many of you raised your hands.
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Not SyncedWell, you're not alone out there.
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Not SyncedThe federal governments and local governments are doing the same thing.
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Not SyncedThey are shutting down services that previously were only available
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Not Syncedin an offline circumstance, whether it was at a store-front of some kind
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Not Syncedlike a post office, or through a telephone number, or through mail-order
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Not Syncedand moving those services to the internet.
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Not SyncedAnd across society we're seeing this happen.
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Not SyncedIn schools there's more pressure for students to have internet access and internet skills
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Not Syncedbecause a lot of the assignments they're getting are going to require internet access.
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Not SyncedIn fact, the state of Michigan is just getting ready to
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Not Syncedimplement a new part of its curriculum.
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Not SyncedIn order to graduate from high school in Michigan,
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Not Syncedyou're going to have to have completed at least one online activity of some sort...
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Not Syncedan online research project, or something to that effect.
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Not SyncedAnd that makes sense in a world where 100% of all households are online and are internet literate,
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Not Syncedbut how do you enforce things like that when you have communities that are not online?
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Not SyncedIt's a real challenge. But since we're not discussing the digital divide
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Not Syncedas a major national policy issue, we're just assuming that everyone's online
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Not Syncedor if they really wanted to they could get online, so maybe we could just strong-arm everyone to do it
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Not Syncedby moving these services to the internet and somehow that will solve the problem.
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Not SyncedA big part of the problem from my perspective at least is the content aspect of the digital divide.
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Not SyncedThere's a group here based in California called the Children's Partnership
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Not Syncedwho came out with a seminal report on content and the digital divide about six years ago.
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Not SyncedAnd they took a look at low-income and minority communities
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Not Syncedto see what their content needs were and how they were accessing it,
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Not Syncedand whether they were getting what they needed.
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Not SyncedAnd they found four things that were lacking.
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Not SyncedPopulations were having a hard time finding content that was locally-relevant,
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Not Syncedculturally relevant, linguistically relevant, and appropriate for their particular literacy levels.
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Not SyncedAnd I think these four factors still hold true today in many ways,
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Not Syncedbut I would add a fifth point to that list...is that you also have to discuss
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Not Syncedcontent and its accessibility for people with disabilities.
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Not SyncedNearly half of all Americans at some point in their lives
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Not Syncedwill experience a chronic disability, and if you have motor skill impairments,
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Not Syncedor have hearing impairments, or in particular visual impairments,
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Not Syncedthe internet can be a very very daunting place, and we don't always address that.
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Not Synced(20:21)
- Title:
- Andy Carvin: How Wide's the Digital Divide? 2006
- Description:
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See http://www.andycarvin.com/?p=1118 . As the original link to the podcast's mp3 does not work anymore, this Amara page was created using a 2007 copy available from the Internet Archive.
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