[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.96,0:00:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Encirclement
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.68,0:00:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neo-Liberalism Ensnares Democracy
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.32,0:00:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Producer, director, editor
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.08,0:00:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Photography
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.84,0:00:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sound
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.68,0:00:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.48,0:01:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order of appearance
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.60,0:01:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the ’30s,\Nthe term “totalitarian regime”
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.20,0:01:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was applied to single-party regimes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.24,0:01:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the party’s mandate
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.80,0:01:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to rule over the totality\Nof a society’s activities -
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.80,0:01:52.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,political, economic, social, cultural.\NThe state looked after everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.00,0:01:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, we had examples\Nparticularly in Fascism, Nazism …
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.92,0:02:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Stalinism: totalitarian societies\Nrun by an omnicompetent party.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.76,0:02:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we live in a democracy,\Nof course, but we notice that …
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.64,0:02:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,single parties have given way\Nto a single mindset,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.08,0:02:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the proponents\Nof such unilateral thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.32,0:02:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reckon that there is\Nbut one solution -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.80,0:02:27.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one imposed by the market -\Nto cover all society’s activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.44,0:02:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whatever the activity -\Neconomic, social, cultural, athletic -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.88,0:02:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the market is mandated\Nto regulate it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.92,0:02:45.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see how the market penetrates\Nall society’s interstices,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.36,0:02:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a liquid, that leaves nothing\Nand spares nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.24,0:02:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is why we can now talk\Nabout “globalitarian” regimes:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.44,0:02:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there’s a will to impose
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.32,0:03:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a kind of unique solution\Nto the plurality of our problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.60,0:03:07.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wrote “La Pensée Unique” …
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.92,0:03:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1995,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.64,0:03:14.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when most of our citizens …
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.60,0:03:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hadn’t yet become totally aware
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.20,0:03:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we had fallen into an ideology\Nin which we were now immersed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.84,0:03:29.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we’d call this ideology\N“neo-liberal”.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.96,0:03:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neo-liberalism\Nis an economic technique,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.88,0:03:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a certain set\Nof economic principles,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.00,0:03:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in reality, imperceptibly, it’s\Nalso a veritable ideological yoke.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.00,0:03:48.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what I was trying\Nto point out, primarily,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.92,0:03:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by saying what it\Nultimately consists in:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.92,0:03:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neo-Liberalism consists in\Na certain number of principles,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.20,0:04:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,notably that\Nthe market’s invisible hand
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.60,0:04:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is there to settle problems. People\Nand States need not get involved,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.24,0:04:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let the market work.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.48,0:04:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Establishing principles\Nlike deregulation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.56,0:04:14.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything’s over-regulated,\Nthe State’s been too involved.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.20,0:04:16.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need less government.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.92,0:04:23.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Capital must prevail over labour.\NWe must always favour capital.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.80,0:04:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we must privatize.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.72,0:04:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The State’s perimeter must be small,\Nthe private sector’s expansive.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.24,0:04:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Free trade must be promoted\Nbecause commerce is development.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.56,0:04:41.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We made this kind of equivalency.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.52,0:04:48.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was trying to show how\Nthese principles weren’t recent,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.92,0:04:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but had been developed since ’44,\Nsince the Bretton-Woods conference,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.80,0:04:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which initiated the IMF\Nand the World Bank.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.88,0:05:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It arose from all the work the IMF\Nhad done since the ’60s and ’70s
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.76,0:05:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,geared towards southern countries,\Ncalled “structural adjustment”,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.40,0:05:09.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, in some countries,\N“the Washington Consensus”,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.44,0:05:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,namely that State budgets\Nmust necessarily be reduced,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.16,0:05:17.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no public deficit, no inflation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.92,0:05:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bureaucracies must be reduced,\Nall public services like health …
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.88,0:05:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and education\Nmust be reduced to a minimum.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.32,0:05:30.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The State isn’t to make\Nthat kind of expenditure, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.80,0:05:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many southern countries\Nsuffered greatly, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.04,0:05:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These were basically my points,\Nand when we add up these elements,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.60,0:05:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we’re faced with an ideology.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.40,0:05:48.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the time, France was on\Nthe eve of a presidential election,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.28,0:05:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which took place\Na few months later in May.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.28,0:05:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I was saying that\Nultimately, in reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.84,0:06:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were being proposed this almost\Nsingle-party kind of pensée unique.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.64,0:06:04.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leftist Privatization
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.76,0:06:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shortly after the Iron Curtain fell,\Nwe witnessed in the West
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.20,0:06:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a reframing rightwards by the\Nvast majority of left-wing parties.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.76,0:06:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the British Labour Party to\NGermany’s SPD via the Parti Québécois,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.64,0:06:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they all got into a State “reform”,\N“reengineering” or “modernization”
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.44,0:06:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that invariably meant\Nadopting neo-liberal politics.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.08,0:06:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From 1997 to 2002 in France,\NLionel Jospin’s socialist government
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.12,0:06:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proceeded to privatize about\N10 major national corporations -
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.88,0:07:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same number as the right-wing\Ngovernments before and afterwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.12,0:07:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How has neo-liberalism found its way\Ninto so-called “socialist” parties?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.76,0:07:21.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And where is it coming from?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.52,0:07:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,origins
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.80,0:07:35.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Winnipeg General Strike, 1919
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.72,0:07:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neo-liberalism appeared …
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.80,0:07:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under particular intellectual\Nand institutional configurations.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.80,0:07:44.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Generally speaking,\Nfrom 1914 to 1945,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.60,0:07:47.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,capitalism went through\Nan unprecedented crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.20,0:07:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The crisis was a material one.\NIn the ’20s,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.52,0:07:55.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,capitalism had boomed\Nafter Reconstruction,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.60,0:07:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the Depression in the ’30s
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.00,0:08:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led to unemployment,\Nbankruptcy, political disorder.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.32,0:08:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And intellectually,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.24,0:08:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the liberal credo yielded\Nto the claims of economic planning,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.80,0:08:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interventionism, and\Ngeneral wariness of laissez-faire.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.88,0:08:16.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was widespread demand\Nfor reinforced State intervention,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.92,0:08:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,state-controlled economies.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.12,0:08:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This turned into concrete projects,\Nboth in “dictatorships”
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.80,0:08:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in democracies.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.40,0:08:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think of the Soviet 5-year plan
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.48,0:08:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also the New Deal in the U.S.,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.24,0:08:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the National Recovery\NAdministration (NRA)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.12,0:08:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other such structures.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.12,0:08:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Nazi Germany, it was\Nthe Reich economics ministry.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.56,0:08:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Fascist Italy, it was\Nthe corporations ministry.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.44,0:08:47.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even in France, a national\Neconomy ministry was established -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.20,0:08:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a totally new thing,\Nunder the rising Front Populaire.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.44,0:08:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Communist Demonstration\NBerlin, 1929
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.36,0:09:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Important to establishing\Na neo-liberal network in France
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.88,0:09:27.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was building a publishing house.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.04,0:09:31.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was called Les Éditions\Nde la Librairie de Médicis,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.56,0:09:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,founded in 1937.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.68,0:09:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was created by a woman,\NMarie-Thérése Génin,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.08,0:09:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was rare\Nin this fairly masculine field.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.40,0:09:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was connected to a leader\Nin French business associations,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.96,0:09:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Marcel Bourgeois,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.32,0:09:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who encouraged her to establish\Na vehicle for intellectual texts
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.16,0:09:54.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a public of intellectuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.08,0:09:58.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Éditions de Médicis published\NWalter Lippmann’s La Cité Libre,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.16,0:10:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the precursor of\Nthe Walter Lippmann colloquium,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.68,0:10:06.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as texts by Hayek,\NRueff, Ludwig von Mises.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.80,0:10:10.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About 40 works\Nbetween 1937 and 1940.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.92,0:10:14.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They published the proceedings\Nof the Lippmann colloquium
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.64,0:10:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the Institut International\Nde Coopération Intellectuel,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.16,0:10:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now defunct,\Nbut the forerunner of UNESCO.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.00,0:10:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This happened\Nin a fairly official context.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.44,0:10:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were 26 participants, whose\Nsignificance is now acknowledged:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.08,0:10:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Friedrich Hayek, future\NNobel Prize winner for economics,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.12,0:10:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Robert Marjolin, a pillar\Nof European construction,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.24,0:10:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the founders of Germany’s\N“social market economy”,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.32,0:10:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander Rüstow and Wilhelm Röpke,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.76,0:10:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,de Gaulle’s financial advisor,\NJacques Rueff,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.36,0:10:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mastermind of Ronald Reagan’s\NStar Wars, Stefan Possony.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.40,0:11:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s all hindsight. At the time,\Nthey were less famous.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.40,0:11:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The colloquium lasted 4 days,\Nduring which were discussed
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.44,0:11:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the eventual responsibilities\Nof liberalism in the Depression,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.92,0:11:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as the means\Nof renewing liberalism
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.72,0:11:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and building worldwide opposition\Nto interventionism and socialism.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.88,0:11:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Walter Lippmann Colloquium\Nhosted the avant-garde
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.36,0:11:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the neo-liberal battle\Nin preparation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.52,0:11:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among the most ferocious opponents\Nof collectivism,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.92,0:11:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Friedrich von Hayek and\NLudwig von Mises stood out.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.12,0:11:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hayek and Mises represented\Na particular trend in neo-liberalism,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.20,0:11:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Austrian School.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.52,0:11:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They advocated a radical liberalism\Nthat grants the State minimal power.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.64,0:11:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The minimal State is an expression\Nused by their disciples.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.84,0:11:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These two had slightly different\Neconomic ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.84,0:12:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Liberals often gloss over\Ntheir divergent views.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.80,0:12:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they also had\Ncertain points in common.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.40,0:12:08.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is that economic science\Nwas just a fraction of their work.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.12,0:12:13.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mises considered it a branch of the\Nmore general science of human action.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.88,0:12:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hayek soon left pure economics
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.52,0:12:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pursue psychology.\NHe studied the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.36,0:12:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,political orders, law, etc.\NFor them, economics …
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.52,0:12:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was their original field, but it\Ndidn’t cover all of the humanities.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.44,0:12:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, their conception\Nof economics was fairly particular.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.32,0:12:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Austrian School economics\Nwere far from concrete:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.48,0:12:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no statistics,\Nno mathematical data, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.88,0:12:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything stemmed from axiomatics.\NThere were “typical” ideal situations
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.36,0:12:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where one observes\Nhow a rational person acts
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.40,0:12:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in negotiating choices\Nbetween work and leisure,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.92,0:12:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sleeping and getting rich, etc.,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.16,0:13:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,supported by metaphors like\NRobinson Crusoe on his desert island.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.60,0:13:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third thing they had in common,\Nsignificant to neo-liberal history,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.20,0:13:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a concept of intellectual work\Nand its role in socialism.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.80,0:13:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thinking of Hayek and Mises\Nwas very elitist and aristocratic:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.44,0:13:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically, that the mass\Nof humanity doesn’t think.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.40,0:13:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mises book, Socialism, says,\N“The masses do not think.”
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.76,0:13:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only a few intellectuals think,\Nand do so on society’s behalf.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.44,0:13:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they thought,\Nintellectuals must think,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.36,0:13:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and progressively oppose socialism,\Nwhich other intellectuals invented
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.16,0:13:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and spread to the masses.\NSocialism wasn’t spontaneous.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.72,0:13:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was propagated by intellectuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.04,0:13:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hayek and Mises put the intellectual\Nat the centre of social change,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.40,0:13:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and political and economic change.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.40,0:13:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This led to them founding groups\Nlike the Mont Pelerin Society.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.00,0:14:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,War imposed a hiatus on the\Nneo-liberals’ militant activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.36,0:14:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The CIRL, a French research centre\Nfor the renewal of liberalism
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.92,0:14:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arising from the Lippmann Colloquium,\Ndisappeared after only a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.64,0:14:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As soon as the war ended,\NHayek took up the torch again.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.44,0:14:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He invited proponents\Nof liberal reestablishment
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.04,0:14:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a meeting that would be decisive\Nto the future of neo-liberalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.44,0:14:58.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Mont Pelerin meeting\Ntook place …
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.16,0:15:02.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from April 1 to 10, 1947,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.96,0:15:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Hôtel du Parc,\Nnear Vevey, Switzerland.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.44,0:15:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was explicitly meant\Nto bring together
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.60,0:15:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,liberal European and\NAmerican intellectuals,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.56,0:15:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to found an international\Norganization for liberal ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.20,0:15:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hayek had started making contacts\N2 years earlier
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.40,0:15:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Colloquium participants\Nand the British and Americans.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.00,0:15:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He invited this circle\Nto Mont Pelerin,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.52,0:15:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whence the society’s name.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.80,0:15:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were 39 participants\Nat the first meeting.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.48,0:15:46.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, there were some major figures:\N3 future Nobel winners,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.80,0:15:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Milton Friedman, George Stigler,\NMaurice Allais.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.44,0:15:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People known for their political\Nor philosophical essays,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.36,0:15:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Karl Popper, Bertrand de Jouvenel.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.84,0:16:00.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those with direct political\Ninfluence in their country -
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.40,0:16:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Germans, Wilhelm Röpke\Nand Walter Eucken,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.20,0:16:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,associated with Germany’s\N“social market economy”.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.40,0:16:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Discussions revolved around\Nrelatively general subjects
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.88,0:16:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Christianity and liberalism,\Nthe competitive order,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.40,0:16:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the possibilities of founding\Na European economic federation.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.04,0:16:23.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It lasted several days.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.44,0:16:27.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hayek thought they needed\Na flexible structure
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.28,0:16:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with invited members only,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.32,0:16:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no offices,\Nstatutes deposited in Illinois,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.12,0:16:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would meet biannually\Nin different countries -
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.60,0:16:43.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a fairly nebulous structure for\Nconfirmed intellectuals who thought
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.32,0:16:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,liberalism was a doctrine primarily\Nfor intellectuals themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.92,0:16:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the core\Nof the neo-liberal network
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.24,0:17:08.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Mont Pelerin Society\Nis not a think tank.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.84,0:17:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s a kind of liberal academy.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.92,0:17:15.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nevertheless, a kind of\Ndivision of labour came about
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.08,0:17:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the Society, which recruited\Nonly the most renowned liberals,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.36,0:17:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its members’ national activities,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.20,0:17:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which could include setting up\Nassociations or think tanks.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.08,0:17:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This took diverse forms.\NIn France, they created
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.52,0:17:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the association for economic freedom\Nand social progress in the ’60s,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.56,0:17:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the French section of Mont Pelerin,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.96,0:17:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the members of which were recruited\Nfrom business or politics.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.16,0:17:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This broadened recruitment
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.76,0:17:54.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into milieux other than\Nintellectual circles.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.72,0:17:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other, think-tank model has been\Nperennial in Mont Pelerin’s history.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.76,0:18:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most famous are Britain’s 1955\NInstitute of Economic Affairs,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.56,0:18:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the Heritage Foundation from 1973,\Nlinked to the U.S. Republican party.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.92,0:18:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These think tanks\Nhave appointed employees,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.72,0:18:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people paid to write notes,\Nproduce legislative proposals
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.92,0:18:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are all laid out\Nand distributed to politicians
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.68,0:18:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to journalists with the aim\Nof creating liberal public opinion.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.04,0:18:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are now hundreds of think tanks
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.20,0:18:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that form a veritable cluster\Nwhich is fairly disorienting,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.68,0:18:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the point where think tanks\Nlike the Atlas Foundation
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.84,0:18:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now have the role\Nof promoting think tanks
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.24,0:18:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by distributing kits and instructions\Non how to form one’s own.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.76,0:18:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They take very different forms.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.40,0:18:56.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Groups focused on an author -\Nthe Hayek Center,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.08,0:18:59.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Mises Institute -
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.88,0:19:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that revolve around\Na particular person’s work.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.76,0:19:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Groups can have a subject\Nof particular concern -
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.28,0:19:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the environment,\Nforeign politics, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:10.80,0:19:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The quality and power of these\Nthink tanks are very different.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.04,0:19:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A think tank’s strength comes from\Nwhether it can connect intellectuals,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.68,0:19:27.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some businessmen, and a general\Ntrend within conservative parties.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:27.44,0:19:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are think tanks\Nlike the Center for Policy Studies
Dialogue: 0,0:19:31.48,0:19:33.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Keith Joseph,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.40,0:19:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which promoted Thatcher\Nand let her garner …
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.92,0:19:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,support to revolutionize\Nthe Conservative Party in the ’70s.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.32,0:19:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s an organization\Nat the junction of 3 milieux.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.16,0:19:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A purely intellectual think tank\Nwith general thoughts on liberalism
Dialogue: 0,0:19:51.88,0:19:54.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have little influence\Non political debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:01.32,0:20:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A whole part of the career\Nof Mises, Hayek, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.16,0:20:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be explained by the affinities\Nthey had with business lobby leaders.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.80,0:20:15.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mises was associated with the U.S.\NFoundation for Economic Education,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.20,0:20:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thus with business associations.\NHayek got to Chicago
Dialogue: 0,0:20:20.76,0:20:27.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,financed by tycoons who wanted him\Nto write another “Road to Serfdom”,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:27.36,0:20:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but on America, not just England.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:29.88,0:20:32.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These intellectuals got more power
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.08,0:20:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by teaming up with\Nor befriending powerful people.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:37.80,0:20:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hayek’s work may reveal\Na utopian quality,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:42.08,0:20:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it’s the Utopia of the strongest,\Nnot the most underprivileged.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:48.72,0:20:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Financed by corporations\Nand vast private fortunes,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.16,0:21:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neo-liberal think tanks often enjoy\Ncharitable organization status.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:01.16,0:21:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their generous donors thereby\Nhave the right to tax exemptions.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.96,0:21:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, the law says\Ncharitable organizations
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.40,0:21:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot engage in political acts.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:15.12,0:21:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1989, Greenpeace was stripped\Nof its charitable status
Dialogue: 0,0:21:21.00,0:21:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the Canadian government.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:23.72,0:21:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Canada Revenue Agency\Nconcluded that this NGO
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.28,0:21:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did not always act\Nin the public’s interest.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:30.96,0:21:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It contributed, for example,\N“to propelling people into poverty
Dialogue: 0,0:21:36.36,0:21:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by demanding the closure\Nof polluting industries.”
Dialogue: 0,0:21:40.52,0:21:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other hand, no neo-liberal\Nthink tank with charitable status
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.64,0:21:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has ever been interfered with.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.20,0:21:54.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During their annual declaration\Nto the Canadian government,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.76,0:21:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these “non-partisan” research\Ninstitutes solemnly state
Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.76,0:22:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they “do not try\Nto influence public opinion
Dialogue: 0,0:22:04.20,0:22:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or obtain the modification\Nof a law or policy”.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:13.56,0:25:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can the market promote\Nindividual choice and freedom?
Dialogue: 0,0:25:22.40,0:25:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Student seminar,\NThe Fraser Institute on public policy,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:26.48,0:25:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,organized jointly with\Nl’Institut Économique de Montréal …
Dialogue: 0,0:25:29.96,0:25:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saturday, February 10, 2001 ,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:32.08,0:25:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sponsored by Fraser Institute\Nsupporters throughout Québec”
Dialogue: 0,0:25:37.12,0:25:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When one grants coercive power,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:39.60,0:25:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the monopoly on coercive power,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:42.12,0:25:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to an agency,\None we call the government,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:46.20,0:25:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there will always be a tendency …
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.64,0:25:54.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to use it, either ignorantly,\Nor to abuse this power.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:55.48,0:25:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And power has a tendency to grow.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:59.80,0:26:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What the Fraser Institute tries\Nto research and emphasize is,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:05.36,0:26:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the proper limits\Nof government are,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.20,0:26:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what are the limits\Nof private enterprise,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:13.36,0:26:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or of voluntary exchanges\Nbetween individuals?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:17.08,0:26:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therein lies the nexus, the division,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:22.60,0:26:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between coercion and free will\Nthat will inform my discussion …
Dialogue: 0,0:26:28.76,0:26:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my lecture today. And you’ll be\Nseeing lectures by others who came
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.84,0:26:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to participate today.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:36.04,0:26:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SPECIAL LUNCHEON PRESENTATION
Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.48,0:26:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,… from the Foundation for\NEconomic Education in New York.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:41.36,0:26:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In his presentation,\N’Cleaned by Capitalism’,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:43.88,0:26:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this expert on liberty will discuss\Nhow our rising standard of living
Dialogue: 0,0:26:49.00,0:26:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has allowed us the ‘luxury’\Nof worrying about such things
Dialogue: 0,0:26:53.16,0:26:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as global environmental issues.”
Dialogue: 0,0:28:51.80,0:28:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This seminar’s not government funded.\NIt’s financed by private sponsorship.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:58.76,0:29:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s encouraging to see people put\Ntheir money where their beliefs are.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:05.20,0:29:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think there are\Nfar too many services
Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.76,0:29:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like unemployment insurance,\Nhealth, education,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:13.72,0:29:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that fall under a monopoly,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.28,0:29:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that of the government, which is\Nthe sole producer of these services.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:21.32,0:29:24.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why not open it up\Nand have competition?
Dialogue: 0,0:29:26.44,0:29:31.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could have competition\Nin the production of services,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:31.52,0:29:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perhaps address\Nour concern for the poor
Dialogue: 0,0:29:35.00,0:29:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by giving them grants\Nso they can buy these services.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:38.80,0:29:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, divide …
Dialogue: 0,0:29:40.88,0:29:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Separate production, which I’d like\Nto see private and competitive,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:45.44,0:29:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from funding, which could be\Npartly governmental.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.36,0:30:01.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don’t like talking about markets.\NThey don’t exist without governments.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.32,0:30:04.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every market needs rules.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:04.52,0:30:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every market needs\Na certain level of coercion.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:10.12,0:30:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I don’t like talking about\Nfreedom as a value in itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:14.76,0:30:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many people don’t want freedom.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:20.36,0:30:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,l’d like the freedom\Nto choose my masters.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:24.68,0:30:25.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I try to …
Dialogue: 0,0:30:27.76,0:30:29.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discuss in my lectures is,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:30.68,0:30:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how can we …
Dialogue: 0,0:30:34.44,0:30:38.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a system of government\Nthat permits us the choice
Dialogue: 0,0:30:39.56,0:30:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what kind of representatives\Nand restrictions we’ll choose.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:43.00,0:30:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We must all live under restrictions,\Neven the fiercest libertarians.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:50.36,0:30:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brief liberal anthology
Dialogue: 0,0:30:58.04,0:31:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,libertarianism\Nand the theory of public choice
Dialogue: 0,0:31:07.64,0:31:10.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Le Québécois Libre\NEditorial
Dialogue: 0,0:31:10.36,0:31:12.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What must libertarians do?”
Dialogue: 0,0:31:12.84,0:31:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Libertarianism is the descendent
Dialogue: 0,0:31:15.44,0:31:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of classic liberal philosophy.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:18.32,0:31:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It puts the accent\Non individual freedom
Dialogue: 0,0:31:21.64,0:31:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its repercussions. Economically,\Nit’s the free market. Politically,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:26.16,0:31:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it’s the minimal State\Nand the least coercion possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.36,0:31:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The least regulation …
Dialogue: 0,0:31:33.72,0:31:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It gives individuals as much\Nleeway as possible to act
Dialogue: 0,0:31:37.96,0:31:40.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have willing relationships\Nwith others.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.04,0:31:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Socially speaking as well, it’s …
Dialogue: 0,0:31:44.12,0:31:50.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the polar opposite of philosophies\Nthat impose some social, religious …
Dialogue: 0,0:31:50.96,0:31:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or cultural order. The idea is,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:53.76,0:31:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we are free in a context where\Nperson and property are protected,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:00.68,0:32:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everyone will be able to have\Nvoluntary relationships,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:05.92,0:32:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which will lead to harmony.\NLibertarianism isn’t anarchy,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:09.80,0:32:14.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with individuals fighting,\N“wild capitalism”, “wild competition”.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:14.92,0:32:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s not that at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:16.44,0:32:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s giving people enough space for\Npeaceful, voluntary relationships.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:23.08,0:32:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neo-liberal, anarchist\Nor libertarian?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:30.80,0:32:34.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Libertarianism is the descendent\Nof classic liberalism,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:34.28,0:32:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a philosophy that was developed\Nin the 17th and 18th century
Dialogue: 0,0:32:41.44,0:32:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in reaction to the authoritarian\Nmonarchies of the period.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:46.44,0:32:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Liberalism said,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:49.20,0:32:53.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to match sovereign power,\Nindividuals must have more freedom.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:53.48,0:32:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This developed in subsequent\Ncenturies to give us …
Dialogue: 0,0:32:58.20,0:33:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our current philosophy,\Nwhich embraces the free market …
Dialogue: 0,0:33:02.68,0:33:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But 20th-century libertarians
Dialogue: 0,0:33:06.36,0:33:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stand apart from liberals. The\Ndefinition of “liberal” has changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:10.96,0:33:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the U.S. a liberal\Nis ultimately the reverse:
Dialogue: 0,0:33:15.72,0:33:18.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a social democrat or a leftist.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.64,0:33:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europe keeps the French tradition,\Nwhere liberal means liberal.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:24.72,0:33:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there’s a lot of confusion.\NThe Americans, the classic liberals,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:29.32,0:33:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started calling themselves\N“libertarians” in the ’20s and ’30s
Dialogue: 0,0:33:33.52,0:33:36.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stand apart from leftist liberals.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:36.36,0:33:39.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And libertarian philosophy\Nis more coherent and radical
Dialogue: 0,0:33:40.12,0:33:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than classic liberalism,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:42.96,0:33:46.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,calling for State reduction,\Neither to its simplest form,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:47.20,0:33:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or certain libertarians even favour\Neliminating the State altogether,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:52.44,0:33:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,privatizing even defence,\Nsecurity and justice.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:56.84,0:34:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Redistributing wealth is immoral
Dialogue: 0,0:34:05.72,0:34:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, in a society\Nwhere the State spends …
Dialogue: 0,0:34:11.16,0:34:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,State expenditures represent\Nabout 45% to 50% of the GDP.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:16.40,0:34:19.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The State controls such sectors\Nas education, health.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:19.76,0:34:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It controls a lot\Nand regulates other things.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:22.92,0:34:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It subsidizes almost everyone.\NMuch of the population …
Dialogue: 0,0:34:28.16,0:34:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lives only off\Nthe redistribution of money.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:31.88,0:34:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don’t produce goods demanded\Nby others on the free market.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:37.40,0:34:41.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They just receive State money\Nconfiscated from other taxpayers.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:42.76,0:34:45.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This means there are many people …
Dialogue: 0,0:34:46.80,0:34:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who live at the expense of others.\NFrom a libertarian standpoint,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:52.04,0:34:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,society can be divided in two,\Nthose who produce and those who live
Dialogue: 0,0:34:56.88,0:35:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the producers’ dependents\Nand are a kind of parasite.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:01.24,0:35:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s a strong word,\Nbut it’s appropriate.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:04.88,0:35:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can’t favour individual\Nresponsibility and defend that stance.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:09.68,0:35:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All who live dependently on others\Nare really irresponsible.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:16.00,0:35:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don’t do anything required\Nand they live …
Dialogue: 0,0:35:20.40,0:35:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on State coercion, which transfers\Nwealth from one group to the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:27.40,0:35:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we want to promote\Nfreedom and responsibility,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:32.44,0:35:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we cannot accept the dependency\Nof much of the population.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:39.00,0:35:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The theory of public choice says\Nthe adoption of government policies
Dialogue: 0,0:35:45.32,0:35:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not motivated\Nby collective interests
Dialogue: 0,0:35:48.88,0:35:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but by the particular interests\Nof various social groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:54.40,0:35:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1986, James M. Buchanan,\Noriginator of this theory,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:59.60,0:36:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who denounces State inefficiency and\Nadvocates limited public spending,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:05.04,0:36:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,won the “Nobel prize” for economics.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:19.08,0:36:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Contrary to the perception\Nbeing peddled here,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:24.04,0:36:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we in Québec live in a State culture.\NPeople don’t realize
Dialogue: 0,0:36:28.12,0:36:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we’re so inured\Nto this viewpoint,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:31.24,0:36:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we naturally accept it,\Nbut it’s actually a State culture
Dialogue: 0,0:36:35.00,0:36:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that naively perceives …
Dialogue: 0,0:36:39.16,0:36:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the State as the instrument\Nto maximize the common good.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:44.12,0:36:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As though the inspiration …
Dialogue: 0,0:36:46.48,0:36:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that view or vision\Nof the State is perfectly …
Dialogue: 0,0:36:53.80,0:36:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,angelic. It has nothing\Nto do with real governments.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:58.96,0:37:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do we believe our governments,\Ndemocratic as they are -
Dialogue: 0,0:37:03.16,0:37:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is an advantage -
Dialogue: 0,0:37:05.72,0:37:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will maximize the common good?\NThey won’t.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:08.76,0:37:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Governments obey\Nthe game rules that rule them.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:13.32,0:37:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What game rules?\NThe electoral process.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.84,0:37:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s the virtue of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:19.24,0:37:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does this herald?
Dialogue: 0,0:37:23.16,0:37:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Primarily that …
Dialogue: 0,0:37:25.56,0:37:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will often witness …
Dialogue: 0,0:37:29.92,0:37:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,majority dictatorship.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:32.88,0:37:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since the primary, if not sole,\Nrule in politics is the majority,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:39.00,0:37:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a government that can win elections\Nwill first privilege the majority.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:44.24,0:37:48.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The majority’s incomes are weak\Nrelative to the average.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:50.56,0:37:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the sole object\Nof policies will be …
Dialogue: 0,0:37:54.12,0:37:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to redistribute wealth in its favour,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:56.88,0:38:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not to maximize wealth\Nor enhance growth.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:01.40,0:38:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Efficiency isn’t a major issue\Nfor a government.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:05.96,0:38:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its priority is redistributing wealth\Nto the majority that elects it.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:11.92,0:38:14.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That explains\Nuniversal social programs.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:15.12,0:38:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That explains …
Dialogue: 0,0:38:19.40,0:38:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the majority’s predilections\Nwith regard to …
Dialogue: 0,0:38:24.24,0:38:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the public health\Nand education monopolies.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:29.56,0:38:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s not compassion,\Nnor a concern …
Dialogue: 0,0:38:34.32,0:38:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for sharing wealth\Nthat inspires this position.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:37.84,0:38:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The majority wants services paid\Nby a slightly more affluent minority.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:44.12,0:38:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s the sense of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:45.52,0:38:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it’s a gigantic lie to say
Dialogue: 0,0:38:50.64,0:38:53.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that compassion inspires …
Dialogue: 0,0:38:54.84,0:38:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,public health and education\Nmonopolies. That’s not the reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:59.88,0:39:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second dimension is that people,\Ni.e., the majority,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:06.00,0:39:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is rather apolitical.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:09.16,0:39:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In economics, it’s what we call\N“rational ignorance”.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:14.12,0:39:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be stupid for each of us
Dialogue: 0,0:39:17.40,0:39:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to acquire lots of information\Non politics,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:21.00,0:39:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get informed on the impact on us\Nof more than just a few policies.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:26.32,0:39:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we can’t do anything.\NWe’re one voter out of X million.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:31.28,0:39:35.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, informed or not,\Nwhether we vote wisely or badly,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:36.32,0:39:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the result’s the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:37.84,0:39:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, everyone must aim to minimize\Nthe effort of understanding politics
Dialogue: 0,0:39:44.04,0:39:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and political information,\Nwhich they do.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:46.92,0:39:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People often can’t name their MP.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:50.60,0:39:52.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they’d be incapable …
Dialogue: 0,0:39:54.80,0:39:56.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of explaining a policy.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:57.24,0:40:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To them, this is normal\Nbecause, again,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:00.76,0:40:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would cost a lot to get informed,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:03.60,0:40:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas their potential\Ninfluence is nil.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:07.96,0:40:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, people are apathetic, apolitical.\NThey don’t participate in politics
Dialogue: 0,0:40:13.20,0:40:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it’s not worth it.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:16.28,0:40:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This opens the way for intervention\Nby strategically placed groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:22.04,0:40:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Interest groups.\NThat explains their dominance.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:27.88,0:40:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Organizations like the CSN or the\NCanadian Manufacturers’ Association
Dialogue: 0,0:40:33.36,0:40:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are already prepared to do politics,\Npropaganda and lobbying,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:38.68,0:40:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at minimal cost because\Nthey’re already organized.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:43.28,0:40:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that means political decisions\Nwill be dominated
Dialogue: 0,0:40:48.28,0:40:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by strategically placed people,\Norganized groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:53.00,0:40:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the world’s great governments -\Ntoday’s and yesterday’s -
Dialogue: 0,0:40:58.28,0:41:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have merely been gangs of thieves,\Ncome together to pillage, conquer
Dialogue: 0,0:41:05.64,0:41:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and enslave their fellow men.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:09.28,0:41:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And their laws, as they call them,\Nrepresent only those agreements
Dialogue: 0,0:41:14.92,0:41:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they deemed it necessary to enter\Nin order to keep their organization
Dialogue: 0,0:41:21.16,0:41:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and act together in plundering\Nand enslaving others,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:25.72,0:41:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and securing to each\Nhis agreed share of the spoils.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:31.40,0:41:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These laws impose no more real\Nobligation than do the deals
Dialogue: 0,0:41:37.32,0:41:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that brigands, bandits and pirates\Nfind it necessary to enter into
Dialogue: 0,0:41:43.16,0:41:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with each other.”
Dialogue: 0,0:41:45.00,0:41:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Natural Law, or the Science\Nof Justice, 1882 (paraphrased)
Dialogue: 0,0:41:52.60,0:41:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lf we look objectively at the facts,\Nthe State is a coercive institution.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:58.88,0:42:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The State can only operate\Nby forcibly imposing things.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:02.76,0:42:03.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:05.36,0:42:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the State has\Na monopoly like Hydro-Québec,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.76,0:42:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I decide to produce\Nand sell electricity
Dialogue: 0,0:42:14.32,0:42:17.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I’m outside the monopoly,\Nultimately,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.84,0:42:22.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they won’t just slap my wrists for\Nbreaking the rules. I’ll go to jail
Dialogue: 0,0:42:23.16,0:42:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I persist in doing something\Nthe State prohibits by regulation.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:27.84,0:42:31.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The State will physically assault me\Nif I offer a service
Dialogue: 0,0:42:33.40,0:42:38.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the statesmen\Nhave decided to monopolize.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:38.68,0:42:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the State does\Nwhen it steals half our salary -
Dialogue: 0,0:42:42.32,0:42:44.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sorry, but no one asked\Nmy opinion about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:45.00,0:42:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so half my salary’s stolen …\NIt could be said that,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:48.56,0:42:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,democratically, we elected people\Nwho decided that for us,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:55.08,0:42:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but democracy is\Nthe “peaceful” organization
Dialogue: 0,0:42:59.80,0:43:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the State’s thievery.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:02.52,0:43:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn’t vote to have half my salary\Nlifted, but many are interested -
Dialogue: 0,0:43:07.76,0:43:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they live\Nat the expense of the State -
Dialogue: 0,0:43:11.68,0:43:15.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in having the State take half\Nand giving it to them.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:15.24,0:43:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, democracy isn’t true freedom.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:19.36,0:43:23.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’m not anti-democratic in the sense\Nof being for an authoritarian State,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:23.92,0:43:27.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you speak against democracy,\Nyou’re always seen as favouring
Dialogue: 0,0:43:28.24,0:43:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an authoritarian State.\NOn the contrary, I’m for a State
Dialogue: 0,0:43:32.60,0:43:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that’s absolutely non-authoritarian,\Nto the point where
Dialogue: 0,0:43:35.76,0:43:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn’t even justify its actions\Non the basis of democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:40.60,0:43:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Individual freedom does not equal\Ndemocratic freedom.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:44.24,0:43:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Democratically giving people\Nthe power to take and impose things,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:50.80,0:43:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contradicts individual freedom.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:53.52,0:43:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A true defence of individual freedom\Ndoesn’t favour more democracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:58.96,0:44:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more ways of divvying up
Dialogue: 0,0:44:02.76,0:44:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resources that have been\Nstolen from others.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:05.40,0:44:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We’re for reducing the State’s role\Nso individuals are altogether free,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:11.88,0:44:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not to decide\Nwhich fox they’ll vote in
Dialogue: 0,0:44:17.52,0:44:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to raid the hen house, but to decide\Nwhat to do with their property.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:25.00,0:44:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The incentives incorporated\Ninto social policies are harmful,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:29.16,0:44:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both to the poor,\Nand to the general population.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:32.12,0:44:37.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I mean by that is,\Nwe have a public social economy
Dialogue: 0,0:44:38.52,0:44:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in parallel with\Nthe capitalist market economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:41.96,0:44:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is productive. The other is\Nbased on the former-USSR model
Dialogue: 0,0:44:47.76,0:44:52.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and comprises incentives that\Nhurt everyone. We reward people …
Dialogue: 0,0:44:53.12,0:44:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for not working.\NWe compensate them
Dialogue: 0,0:44:56.84,0:44:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for not having stable families.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:01.44,0:45:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Welfare for single mothers …
Dialogue: 0,0:45:04.40,0:45:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a way of multiplying births\Noutside the family.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:07.84,0:45:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we reward poverty.\NIt’s as radical as that.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:12.44,0:45:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poverty obeys the standard rules:\Nsubsidies make it more prevalent,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:18.96,0:45:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because people start liking it.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:22.68,0:45:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This has been clear in Ontario\Nand the U.S. over the past 5 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:27.80,0:45:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they really imposed
Dialogue: 0,0:45:30.28,0:45:32.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,limits to people’s access
Dialogue: 0,0:45:33.52,0:45:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to welfare payments,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:36.12,0:45:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the population of poor people\Nfell by half in a few years!
Dialogue: 0,0:45:41.60,0:45:44.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because there was no more money,\Nconditions changed,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:45.08,0:45:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,work was imposed on them,\Nwhatever the methods were.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:55.68,0:46:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, there are ways\Nto foster people’s reinsertion
Dialogue: 0,0:46:00.60,0:46:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the productive economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:03.56,0:46:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of piling them\Ninto social housing, ghettos,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:08.56,0:46:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where everyone’s poor,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:10.36,0:46:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they were given vouchers or stamps\Nthat gave them access to property,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:16.12,0:46:19.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of subsidizing unemployment,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:21.32,0:46:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as with unemployment insurance.\NPeople are subsidized
Dialogue: 0,0:46:25.20,0:46:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be unemployed.\NOtherwise, no subsidy.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:30.60,0:46:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could create\Nunemployment savings funds,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:33.84,0:46:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so people could accumulate a hedge,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:38.12,0:46:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sheltered from tax,\Neven subsidized,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:41.20,0:46:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in case they lose their job.\NEveryone would then be careful
Dialogue: 0,0:46:46.28,0:46:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not to lose their job because\Nthey’d be eating into their own fund,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:51.84,0:46:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the beneficiary of their own savings.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:55.08,0:46:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lots of ideas. But our social\Npolicies are really built
Dialogue: 0,0:47:00.40,0:47:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create an industry of poverty,\Nan industry of dependence,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:05.64,0:47:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that benefits all the bureaucrats\Nwho gravitate around it
Dialogue: 0,0:47:09.48,0:47:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and encourage dependence\Nin the population,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:13.56,0:47:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as political support,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:18.08,0:47:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with no long-term effect\Nacross the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:21.72,0:47:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Social policies\Nhaven’t diminished poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:24.92,0:47:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s the final diagnosis\Nof the matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:42.56,0:47:44.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We observe …
Dialogue: 0,0:47:45.08,0:47:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that growth …
Dialogue: 0,0:47:49.40,0:47:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Historically and from\Ncountry to country,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:53.08,0:47:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the growth of economies’ revenues\Nis the only means
Dialogue: 0,0:47:58.20,0:47:59.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help the poor.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:01.68,0:48:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have rigorous data about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:05.08,0:48:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only variable that affects …
Dialogue: 0,0:48:09.52,0:48:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that reduces poverty
Dialogue: 0,0:48:12.48,0:48:14.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in various countries
Dialogue: 0,0:48:15.16,0:48:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the growth of wealth.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:17.52,0:48:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Social policies count for nothing!
Dialogue: 0,0:48:21.80,0:48:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, whoever is concerned
Dialogue: 0,0:48:26.20,0:48:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about helping the poor\Nor underprivileged
Dialogue: 0,0:48:29.52,0:48:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,must also privilege growth.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:33.80,0:48:37.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consequently, all those\Nwho oppose free trade
Dialogue: 0,0:48:37.68,0:48:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on behalf of poor countries,\Nor of the poor within countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:42.48,0:48:45.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are wrong.\NTheir observations are mistaken.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:47.44,0:48:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The facts contradict their options.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:49.84,0:48:54.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The best help is to open trade\Nso everyone’s income goes up.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:54.76,0:48:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Statistically, the income of the poor\Nincreases as fast as anyone’s
Dialogue: 0,0:48:59.40,0:49:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when revenues go up. To achieve this,\Nthe economy must be opened up.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:04.28,0:49:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beyond that,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:07.28,0:49:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond helping the poor\Nwith measures that might help,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:11.92,0:49:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don’t see any …
Dialogue: 0,0:49:15.36,0:49:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basis for redistributing wealth.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:20.40,0:49:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The government\Nredistributes a lot of wealth
Dialogue: 0,0:49:24.72,0:49:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in favour of the middle class,\Nbecause it’s the decisive majority.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:29.68,0:49:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not on any moral basis.\NThe only social justice, if I may,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:35.08,0:49:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the respect for property rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:38.60,0:49:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Libertarians believe\Npublic goods don’t exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:42.24,0:49:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The notion’s a fallacy\Nto justify State intervention.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:46.84,0:49:51.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The logic is, there are always\Nexternal factors, like pollution.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:52.24,0:49:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We cannot produce without making\Nsmoke, which falls on our neighbour,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:57.56,0:50:00.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or residues that will have to …
Dialogue: 0,0:50:00.28,0:50:04.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go into the river.\NBut the reason this happens is
Dialogue: 0,0:50:05.52,0:50:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there’s no property right\Nover water, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:10.36,0:50:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rivers are public.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:14.52,0:50:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hence,\Nduring the entire 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:19.32,0:50:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,companies were allowed\Nto pollute rivers,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:22.36,0:50:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and until very recently\Nthis was done because the State
Dialogue: 0,0:50:27.08,0:50:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,controlled the river. It was\Na public State-controlled resource
Dialogue: 0,0:50:31.92,0:50:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the State let private companies\Npollute the river.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:37.00,0:50:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if the river had been privatized\Nand each of its owners
Dialogue: 0,0:50:43.24,0:50:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had had to be consulted\Nfor permission for the company
Dialogue: 0,0:50:48.28,0:50:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to put effluents into the river,\Nwe can be quite sure
Dialogue: 0,0:50:51.44,0:50:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things would’ve been different.\NOr it might’ve happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:54.96,0:50:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the company had paid\Nthe true price for polluting,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:01.16,0:51:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i.e., paid the owners\Nfor polluting their resource.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:04.44,0:51:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Resource allocation\Nwould’ve been very different.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:08.20,0:51:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There would’ve been emphasis
Dialogue: 0,0:51:11.96,0:51:14.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on alternative solutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:14.64,0:51:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Companies would’ve invested more\Nin technological solutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:18.92,0:51:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or arranged to pollute\Nin very targeted places
Dialogue: 0,0:51:23.12,0:51:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,owned by someone who would accept\Npollution in exchange for payment.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:27.92,0:51:31.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Production priorities would’ve been\Nreorganized differently.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:33.56,0:51:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, “public goods” exist\Nonly because the State
Dialogue: 0,0:51:39.60,0:51:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distorts production
Dialogue: 0,0:51:42.84,0:51:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by nationalizing certain assets,\Nor the environment itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:01.52,0:52:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Historically, liberalism\Nrepresented a progression.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:05.40,0:52:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But classic liberalism\Nas championed by Adam Smith,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:08.76,0:52:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,founder of political economics,\Nhas very little to do
Dialogue: 0,0:52:13.68,0:52:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with what’s presently circulating as\Nthe “liberalism” in neo-liberalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:18.84,0:52:21.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has almost nothing to do\Nwith classic liberalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:21.60,0:52:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, historically liberalism was\Na progression, in that it was …
Dialogue: 0,0:52:25.96,0:52:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a way of contesting\Nabsolute monarchies,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:29.24,0:52:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and giving individuals rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:32.12,0:52:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among these rights,\Nin the liberalism of Locke and Smith,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:36.60,0:52:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were private property rights.\NThat’s a progression.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:41.64,0:52:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it’s not absurd\Nto think that even anarchism …
Dialogue: 0,0:52:44.76,0:52:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a child of liberalism. Early\Nliberalism was somewhat radical,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:50.84,0:52:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and today’s “liberal” thinkers would\Nmake Adam Smith roll in his grave,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:57.28,0:53:02.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he wouldn’t recognize much\Nin what’s now passing for liberalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:02.48,0:53:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take the case of private property.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:04.84,0:53:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lf it stems from interactions driven\Nby transnational corporations,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:11.76,0:53:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the core and in the framework\Nof classic liberalism,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:16.12,0:53:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is unthinkable.\NIt’s a fallacy to think
Dialogue: 0,0:53:19.64,0:53:25.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that private tyrannies like GM\Nor Bombardier can have rights,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:26.04,0:53:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either property rights or rights\Nthat transcend human beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:30.20,0:53:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other hand, the question\Nof property rights is a hard one.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:35.68,0:53:38.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s important to ask.\NThere’s no simple answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:38.80,0:53:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nevertheless, I’m sure that,\Neven in the context of liberalism,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:42.80,0:53:47.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one cannot place current practices,\Nagents such as transnationals,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:47.84,0:53:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their accepted rights,\Nwithin a classically liberal model.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:52.28,0:53:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Property rights must be reconsidered.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:54.52,0:53:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My opinions about it\Nare those of classic anarchism:
Dialogue: 0,0:53:59.28,0:54:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,private ownership of means\Nof production seems aberrant.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:03.28,0:54:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what Proudhon calls “possession”\Nhas a place.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:06.32,0:54:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ownership rights are healthy.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:07.96,0:54:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the current, ersatz “liberal”\Nor “neo-liberal” doctrine is absurd.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:14.16,0:54:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let’s suppose that, in our world,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:16.96,0:54:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,someone can appropriate,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:20.12,0:54:25.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the means one normally acquires\Nproperty rights over anything …
Dialogue: 0,0:54:25.64,0:54:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suppose someone like me\Nappropriates by accepted legal means
Dialogue: 0,0:54:31.24,0:54:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,elements that are essential\Nto everyone’s life.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:35.76,0:54:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People like you could die\Nor sell out to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:39.20,0:54:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Current neo-liberalism would\Nrecognize such a society as just.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:43.16,0:54:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s clearly aberrant. Such questions\Ncan’t be answered as simplistically
Dialogue: 0,0:54:47.88,0:54:52.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as our world would have it. But it’s\Na tough question. I choose to think
Dialogue: 0,0:54:53.08,0:54:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,production means can’t be private but\Nownership of things we use is good.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:21.16,0:58:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Free trade\Nis a very beautiful concept,
Dialogue: 0,0:58:27.28,0:58:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, as it was imagined\Nin the 18th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:58:30.92,0:58:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it certainly had merits,\Nbecause it’s very logical to say
Dialogue: 0,0:58:36.08,0:58:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you must produce better\Nand more cheaply,
Dialogue: 0,0:58:39.28,0:58:41.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trade with others\Nwho’ll do the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:41.96,0:58:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of making wine in England,\Nbuy it from Portugal.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:46.40,0:58:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Portuguese\Nwill buy your woollens.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:50.16,0:58:52.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s Riccardo’s original example.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:54.88,0:58:58.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the great 18th-century\Ntheoreticians never imagined
Dialogue: 0,0:58:59.32,0:59:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that capital itself would be free\Nto go where it wanted,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:03.64,0:59:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an American or British company\Ncould go invest in China,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:10.32,0:59:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take advantage\Nof repression in China,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:15.80,0:59:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which rejects unions\Nand so has extremely low wages,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:20.52,0:59:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could “externalize”\Nall the environmental costs,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:24.80,0:59:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make society and the whole planet pay\Nbecause it pollutes but it’s cheaper.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:31.24,0:59:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, instead of having\Na “comparative” advantage -
Dialogue: 0,0:59:34.76,0:59:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I make wine cheaper than you,\Nyou make woollens cheaper than me -
Dialogue: 0,0:59:39.44,0:59:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it becomes an absolute advantage\Nbecause …
Dialogue: 0,0:59:43.16,0:59:46.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my capital is free\Nto roam wherever it finds
Dialogue: 0,0:59:46.96,0:59:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the best conditions for profit.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:51.48,0:59:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what warps trade practices,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:54.84,0:59:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and makes the transnationals\Nnaturally want
Dialogue: 0,0:59:59.44,1:00:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the greatest possible freedom\Nfor themselves.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:03.96,1:00:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there’s no question\Nof labour circulating,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:07.16,1:00:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except for our “contemporary nomads”-
Dialogue: 0,1:00:10.72,1:00:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,highly qualified personnel,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:13.88,1:00:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,covered under service agreements,\Nsince they have the right
Dialogue: 0,1:00:18.64,1:00:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to circulate freely\Nand set up where they want,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:22.16,1:00:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas the common mortal does not.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:25.92,1:00:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,December 17, 1992.\NU.S. president, George H. W. Bush,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:31.12,1:00:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,signed the North American\NFree Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Dialogue: 0,1:00:35.88,1:00:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Canada and Mexico.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:44.12,1:00:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fourteen years later,\Non October 26, 2006,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:47.44,1:00:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his son, George W. Bush\Npromulgated the Secure Fence Act.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:52.28,1:00:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This law authorizes\Nthe construction of a double wall,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:56.28,1:01:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,4.5 meters high and 1,200 km long,\Nalong the Mexican border.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:01.28,1:01:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is also outfitted with\Nthe latest surveillance technology:
Dialogue: 0,1:01:08.12,1:01:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,watchtowers, cameras,\Nground sensors, drones, etc.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:25.24,1:01:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The theory of comparative advantage\Nposits international specialization.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:32.40,1:01:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It says nations must specialize\Naccording to comparative advantages.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:37.68,1:01:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s a purely static theory.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:40.08,1:01:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pawns are shifted around a box\Nwithout questioning the box’s form,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:44.08,1:01:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether the box evolves\Nwith the pawn configuration.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:49.04,1:01:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The theory’s purely immediate.\NSo, why doesn’t it work?
Dialogue: 0,1:01:54.00,1:01:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because international trade\Nisn’t just neutral exchange,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:58.96,1:02:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the nice Natives trade\Nwith the charming conquistadors.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:05.12,1:02:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn’t work like that\Nand it never did.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:07.64,1:02:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The conquistadors kill everyone.\NThen trade comes in
Dialogue: 0,1:02:12.08,1:02:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Phase Two of pacification.\NBut in international trade,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:16.44,1:02:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the matrix of business …\NThat’s another preconceived notion.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:20.60,1:02:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Trade’s not intra-village, then city,\Nregion, nation. Then international.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:27.24,1:02:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It never worked that way.\NQuite the contrary.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:30.36,1:02:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,International business\Nfollows the military,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:34.00,1:02:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it follows predation. Then comes\Nan inward pacification process.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:46.12,1:02:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The “invisible hand” theory\Nis quite extraordinary.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:49.12,1:02:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, it wagers that men are bad.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:53.40,1:02:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s quite lucid. It says,\Nwe’ll work with that.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:57.56,1:02:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People are self-centred, greedy,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:59.96,1:03:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mean and self-interested.\NThey dislike collectives.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:03.92,1:03:07.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They’re unsupportive,\Nanti-social, narcissistic.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:07.60,1:03:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let’s say this kind of flaw\Nturns into …
Dialogue: 0,1:03:13.04,1:03:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an advantage\Nfor the collective and society.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:17.08,1:03:21.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let them go. Public happiness will\Narise from their egoistic antagonism.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:22.28,1:03:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s the invisible hand.\NThe idea is that
Dialogue: 0,1:03:25.56,1:03:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every time one intervenes,\Ntries to order this ego antagonism,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:33.24,1:03:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the system gets disrupted and worse.\NOne great reactionary thesis
Dialogue: 0,1:03:38.16,1:03:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the argument of perverse effect.\NHirschmann said it. It’s great.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:43.40,1:03:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reactionary rightists
Dialogue: 0,1:03:46.52,1:03:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have always accused leftists\Nof causing evil by doing good.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:50.36,1:03:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You want to do good, help the poor,\Nyou’ll create a lot of poverty.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:54.52,1:03:59.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Economist published an amazing\Npicture after the Seattle summit.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:00.60,1:04:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It showed starving Third-World people,\NAfrican children, labelled,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:06.68,1:04:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Victims of the Seattle failure.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:09.52,1:04:13.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is vile!\NWorse than the Benetton ads.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:14.24,1:04:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The message was, you played\Naround at hindering the WTO.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:18.16,1:04:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To what end? You created\Npoor, unhappy, starving people.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:22.96,1:04:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas this system creates\Nthe poor, starving, unhappy.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:28.88,1:04:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The invisible hand says, let it be.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:31.48,1:04:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can’t fix it. Man is unkind, bad.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:34.52,1:04:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only wickedness can stop wickedness.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:38.72,1:04:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Put two bad guys together,\Nit balances out. Laissez-faire.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:42.92,1:04:46.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Economists have been studying\Nthe invisible hand since 1776.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:46.52,1:04:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they’ve been studying\Nthis problem for quite a while.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:52.72,1:04:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For it to work, men have\Nto be separate. Autonomous.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:57.52,1:05:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No relationships, no collectives.\NOnly their own rationality,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:02.96,1:05:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,separate from others’, individual.\NAbsolute individualism.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:07.84,1:05:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second condition\Nis perfect information.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:11.52,1:05:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Omniscience about future events\Nfor centuries to come …
Dialogue: 0,1:05:17.88,1:05:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second condition.\NNow, what’s the third …
Dialogue: 0,1:05:22.92,1:05:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perfect information …\Nand thirdly,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:27.32,1:05:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no uncertainty, like a storm,\Nchance, Ariane breaking down
Dialogue: 0,1:05:33.12,1:05:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the 25th flight and not the 3rd.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:37.60,1:05:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world must be hazard-free,\Nwhich is corollary to saying
Dialogue: 0,1:05:41.40,1:05:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perfect foresight is necessary.\NUnder these conditions,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:46.92,1:05:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the invisible hand might work,\Nbut it’s not even sure,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:52.52,1:05:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for it’s important to know\Nthat liberal economists -
Dialogue: 0,1:05:55.56,1:06:00.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the greatest, most mathematical,\Nmost prestigious, Nobel winners -
Dialogue: 0,1:06:01.52,1:06:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have shown for about 25 years,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:06.96,1:06:13.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the invisible hand theorem\Ndoesn’t work. It’s bullshit.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:13.64,1:06:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They’ve shown it.\NMany suspected as much.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:17.48,1:06:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Keynes suspected it for a long time\Nbecause he thought
Dialogue: 0,1:06:20.80,1:06:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea of equilibrium\Nwas inapplicable to economy,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:24.48,1:06:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was more disequilibrium -\Neconomy was fundamentally chaotic.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:29.24,1:06:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the pure, hard, mean, liberal,\Nmost prestigious economists,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:34.84,1:06:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,draped in the prestige\Nof the most hard-nose science,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:39.12,1:06:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starting with Nobel winner,\NGérard Debreu, 25 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:44.60,1:06:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have said it doesn’t work. Markets\Ndon’t mean equilibrium or efficiency.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:50.32,1:06:55.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Markets don’t mean equilibrium, so\Nsupply-and-demand means nothing.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:56.04,1:07:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they’re not efficient, so\Nlaissez-faire is the worst solution.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:03.32,1:07:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you, liberal gentlemen. Kind of\Nyou to say so. We thought as much.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:08.08,1:07:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So anyone who says “invisible hand”,\N“supply and demand”, “equilibrium” …
Dialogue: 0,1:07:13.32,1:07:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is either a crook (not uncommon),
Dialogue: 0,1:07:16.76,1:07:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or hides his eyes (also happens),\Nsomeone who’s wilfully blind,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:21.40,1:07:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Sartre’s “bastard” -\Nwho knows but stays silent,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:24.44,1:07:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or an incompetent. They exist too.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:55.32,1:10:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adam Smith, David Riccardo,\NKarl Marx, John Stuart Mill,
Dialogue: 0,1:10:00.88,1:10:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Malthus, more or less -
Dialogue: 0,1:10:03.28,1:10:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the classic figures\Nin the creation of economics
Dialogue: 0,1:10:07.16,1:10:10.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,incorporated social thought.\NThey were social philosophers
Dialogue: 0,1:10:10.64,1:10:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than “pure” economists.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:13.36,1:10:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the neo-classics - Auguste\Nand Léon Walras, father and son,
Dialogue: 0,1:10:18.52,1:10:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mid- to late-19th century,
Dialogue: 0,1:10:20.56,1:10:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inaugurated a kind of economics\Nthat calls itself scientific.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:25.84,1:10:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In doing so, it dispenses with\Nall moral or philosophical thought.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:30.84,1:10:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it evacuates all the concerns\Nthe classics had until Karl Marx,
Dialogue: 0,1:10:35.24,1:10:37.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which were the following:
Dialogue: 0,1:10:38.24,1:10:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who makes money and why?\NHas he the right to make so much?
Dialogue: 0,1:10:44.28,1:10:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is this fair? Unfair?
Dialogue: 0,1:10:46.44,1:10:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it good for the community or bad?\NEconomics had an ethical dimension.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:51.48,1:10:54.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was evacuated\Nwith neo-classical thought.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:55.28,1:10:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This neo-classicism opened the way\Nfor neo-liberal thought.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:00.08,1:11:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neo-liberalism then added\Nto neo-classicism’s kind of …
Dialogue: 0,1:11:06.36,1:11:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientific decree (We are a science,\Nso we imitate physics.):
Dialogue: 0,1:11:10.68,1:11:13.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We notice money goes\Nfrom here to there.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:13.84,1:11:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We count, observe, classify.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:16.68,1:11:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we refrain from casting judgment,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:19.32,1:11:23.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because physics, the mother\Nof all sciences, does not judge.”
Dialogue: 0,1:11:23.56,1:11:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Economics’ strength is that it\Ncomes as obvious, neutral truth -
Dialogue: 0,1:11:27.72,1:11:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a neutral discourse\Nthat speaks neither good nor evil,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:31.28,1:11:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is scientific,\Nwith all the neutrality of science,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:35.40,1:11:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that comes across as normal.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:38.04,1:11:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Putting pressure on wages\Nto cut inflation is obviously normal.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:42.68,1:11:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously we can’t have inflation.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:44.92,1:11:48.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No matter if this generated\Nphenomenal inequality,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:49.56,1:11:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led certain peoples into destitution,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:52.08,1:11:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created disparities\Nbetween north and south,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:54.84,1:11:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created a caste of rich people\Ntaking up the foreground,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:58.60,1:12:01.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eradicating State power,\Nbreaking social security.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:01.84,1:12:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite all this,\Nthere is but one obvious truth:
Dialogue: 0,1:12:05.52,1:12:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can’t be pro-inflation!?
Dialogue: 0,1:12:08.92,1:12:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we look at truth and history,\Nwe see that those rare times
Dialogue: 0,1:12:13.76,1:12:16.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when capital was muzzled,\Nas in the glorious ’30s,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:16.88,1:12:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were inflationary periods\Nwhen wages could increase,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:21.08,1:12:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because people who borrowed\Nfor houses, etc., due to inflation,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:25.96,1:12:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,managed to pay off debt quickly.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:29.72,1:12:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it’s an economy of the rich.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:32.24,1:12:36.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One could ask,\N“You want the rich to run the world?”
Dialogue: 0,1:12:37.08,1:12:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of,\N“Surely, you’re against inflation?”
Dialogue: 0,1:12:42.08,1:12:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To impose their ideology,\Nneo-liberals have, over the years,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:47.12,1:12:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developed a relentless strategy,\Nthought encirclement.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:52.16,1:12:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This strategy rests in large part\Non the actions of a global network
Dialogue: 0,1:12:59.28,1:13:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of propaganda, intoxication\Nand indoctrination
Dialogue: 0,1:13:02.08,1:13:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can make its polymorphous voice\Nheard in all forums.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:07.52,1:13:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Largely conceived in think tanks,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:11.24,1:13:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neo-liberal propaganda subsequently\Nbranched out in many ways.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:17.48,1:13:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Education became\None of the most important branches.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:23.76,1:13:23.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,propaganda and indoctrination
Dialogue: 0,1:13:23.88,1:13:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,propaganda and indoctrination
Dialogue: 0,1:13:31.44,1:13:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,education
Dialogue: 0,1:13:39.28,1:13:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea of national education\Narose in the 18th century.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:42.72,1:13:46.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the wake of the French Revolution\Nand European nation-states,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:46.80,1:13:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there arose the idea …
Dialogue: 0,1:13:49.12,1:13:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a public democratic space\Nimplied people who were informed,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:54.56,1:13:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and who were skilled\Nat thinking, discussing,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:59.28,1:14:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,participating in political discourse.\NThere were 2 institutions for this
Dialogue: 0,1:14:03.72,1:14:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ensure that people could become\N“citizens”, as they said at the time:
Dialogue: 0,1:14:09.68,1:14:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Education, one important function\Nof which was to train citizens,
Dialogue: 0,1:14:16.08,1:14:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prepare citizens.\NAnd then, the media.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:18.80,1:14:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We’ll discuss that later.\NAs for education,
Dialogue: 0,1:14:21.96,1:14:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of its mandates - not that it was\Nimplemented or realized very well -
Dialogue: 0,1:14:27.84,1:14:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a mandate of education\Nwas to train citizens,
Dialogue: 0,1:14:30.92,1:14:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,empower people to take part\Nin political debate
Dialogue: 0,1:14:34.72,1:14:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reflect on political questions\Nbeyond their own interests.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:39.20,1:14:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the main thing.\NNot to think about politics,
Dialogue: 0,1:14:42.60,1:14:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or economic and social debates,\Nfrom a self-serving standpoint,
Dialogue: 0,1:14:47.08,1:14:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but from the standpoint of the\Npublic good and collective interests.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:51.60,1:14:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Education cultivated this.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:53.64,1:14:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the so-called “neo-liberal”\Nchanges of the past 30 years,
Dialogue: 0,1:14:58.64,1:15:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the dominant institutions realized\Neducation was an important issue,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:04.20,1:15:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and important to appropriate.\NIs what I’m saying right?
Dialogue: 0,1:15:08.56,1:15:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are they penetrating education?\NAnyone who looks knows it is.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:13.28,1:15:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From primary school to university,\Nit varies according to country.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:16.24,1:15:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s different in the U.S.,\NCanada, Québec, France.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:19.36,1:15:22.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It depends on the history\Nof how each system developed.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:22.92,1:15:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we see massive penetration\Non the part of private industry
Dialogue: 0,1:15:29.04,1:15:31.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the education system. Why?
Dialogue: 0,1:15:32.04,1:15:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answers are quite simple.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:34.40,1:15:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Education’s a very profitable market.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:37.28,1:15:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s interesting to appropriate this\Npiece of social and economic activity
Dialogue: 0,1:15:42.24,1:15:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it’s profitable. And it lets\Nchildren’s minds be appropriated.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:46.32,1:15:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s as blunt as that.\NEducating is seizing minds.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:52.36,1:15:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Being able to take hold of children’s\Nminds is extremely crucial, serious.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:57.16,1:16:02.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It requires a strong justification\Nand I’m not sure we can give it one.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:02.80,1:16:07.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When companies infiltrate education,\Nthey’re aiming for children’s minds,
Dialogue: 0,1:16:07.44,1:16:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to transform the subjects taught.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:10.64,1:16:15.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s when training deviates from\Ncitizenship and sense of common good
Dialogue: 0,1:16:16.12,1:16:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards the interests of the\Nbusinesses appropriating education.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:22.40,1:16:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seeing the world through culture,\Nknowledge, outside of oneself,
Dialogue: 0,1:16:27.56,1:16:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is different than from the viewpoint\Nof what a company gives us.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:31.44,1:16:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The latter element’s always there.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:33.80,1:16:36.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Appropriation of a market,\Nof children’s minds,
Dialogue: 0,1:16:37.20,1:16:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and preparation for labour.\NFrom this perspective,
Dialogue: 0,1:16:41.48,1:16:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,education will increasingly\Nlose its other functions -
Dialogue: 0,1:16:45.44,1:16:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,preparation for civic life,\Nopenness to the world,
Dialogue: 0,1:16:49.84,1:16:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pure pleasure of understanding\Nand knowledge for its own sake -
Dialogue: 0,1:16:54.60,1:16:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to orient towards\Nmarket enslavement,
Dialogue: 0,1:16:57.64,1:17:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the preparation of subjects\Ntaught for economic functions.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:02.60,1:17:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Education will become
Dialogue: 0,1:17:04.84,1:17:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a prelude to mercantile life,\Nand to employment.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:08.96,1:17:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s also very troubling.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:10.52,1:17:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We’ve seen transformations like this\Nfor about 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:15.08,1:17:18.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With some resistance.\NAs this phenomenon arises,
Dialogue: 0,1:17:18.72,1:17:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so does resistance to it, luckily.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:24.84,1:17:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Channel One is an American company,
Dialogue: 0,1:17:28.84,1:17:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now listed on the stock market.\NIt launched a project
Dialogue: 0,1:17:32.20,1:17:35.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they go into\Nunderfunded schools and say,
Dialogue: 0,1:17:35.92,1:17:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since you have no supplies,\Nwe’ll furnish you with TV’s, VCR’s
Dialogue: 0,1:17:40.24,1:17:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in exchange for which,\Nyou’ll screen for 20 minutes a day
Dialogue: 0,1:17:45.16,1:17:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our educational videos.” -\Ncurrent issues shows for children.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:51.12,1:17:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their interest in this\Nis the captive clientele.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:54.80,1:18:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Throughout the X minutes of\Nproposed programming, there are ads.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:00.72,1:18:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They add a few minutes of publicity
Dialogue: 0,1:18:03.20,1:18:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allows advertisers to address,\Nin an extremely privileged context,
Dialogue: 0,1:18:08.88,1:18:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this captive clientele.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:11.32,1:18:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is strong in the U.S.\NHere, it has been tried.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:14.96,1:18:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The company in Canada\Nwas called Athena.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:18.28,1:18:20.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It made sustained efforts\Nfor a few years.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:21.12,1:18:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By and large,\Nthe school boards refused.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:24.68,1:18:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our public-service funding is not\Nin the same state as the U.S.’s,
Dialogue: 0,1:18:28.44,1:18:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it’s another assault\Nbeing conducted against education.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:32.24,1:18:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes many forms,\Naccording to country and region.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:36.72,1:18:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mobil has shows on energy. Learn\Nenvironmental protection from them.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:42.24,1:18:48.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And nutrition from NutraSweet,\Nwhich has a kid’s show on nutrition.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:48.68,1:18:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You’ll learn the virtues\Nof NAFTA with GM,
Dialogue: 0,1:18:52.88,1:18:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about protecting\Nforests and the environment
Dialogue: 0,1:18:55.44,1:18:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the companies\Nresponsible for deforestation.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:01.04,1:19:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This model has repercussions\Nfrom primary school to university,
Dialogue: 0,1:19:05.52,1:19:09.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means, ultimately,\Nwe could have - I’m half joking -
Dialogue: 0,1:19:09.96,1:19:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,university ecology departments\Nwhere pollution will be justified.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:14.80,1:19:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s the troubling thing.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:16.80,1:19:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The loss of meaning in certain\Nintellectual and human activities …
Dialogue: 0,1:19:21.16,1:19:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this implies.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:23.48,1:19:26.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more efficient we think\Nwe are economically …
Dialogue: 0,1:19:26.56,1:19:30.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Financially is more precise,\Nsince finance is multiplying money.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:31.20,1:19:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more efficiently we make money,\Nthe less sense it makes.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:36.72,1:19:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does it makes sense to say\Nthat GM, for example, is efficient
Dialogue: 0,1:19:42.56,1:19:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it made $23- or 24-billion\Nnet profit in the last decade,
Dialogue: 0,1:19:50.28,1:19:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it created 300,000 unemployed!
Dialogue: 0,1:19:53.96,1:19:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does that make sense?
Dialogue: 0,1:19:55.92,1:19:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We say GM is efficient,\Nbut what is this efficiency?
Dialogue: 0,1:19:59.72,1:20:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We say the American economy\Nis more efficient.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:02.64,1:20:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is, in financial indicators,\Nyield over capital investment, etc.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:08.52,1:20:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the U.S. has never had so many\Npeople living under the poverty line,
Dialogue: 0,1:20:14.20,1:20:15.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the American poverty line,
Dialogue: 0,1:20:16.00,1:20:19.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or so many people\Nwithout access to health care -
Dialogue: 0,1:20:20.00,1:20:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,40% of the American population has\Npractically no access to health care.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:25.60,1:20:30.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The U.S. has never had\Nsuch a low level of education.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:31.92,1:20:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,50% of Americans\Ncan’t locate England on a map.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:37.64,1:20:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, this is aberrant,
Dialogue: 0,1:20:40.00,1:20:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when there are at least\N50 TV channels per household.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:44.32,1:20:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There’s a picture of what\NI’m calling lack of meaning.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:47.60,1:20:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Materially, economically,\Nfinancially, we’re more efficient.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:50.68,1:20:54.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But ecologically, socially,\Npolitically, humanly,
Dialogue: 0,1:20:54.92,1:20:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are steadily losing\Nour values and quality of life.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:00.16,1:21:01.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Senselessness.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:01.88,1:21:06.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To discuss this, we must eschew\Nthe dominant economic discourse.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:06.64,1:21:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To start to make sense of this,\Nthe problem must be reformulated …
Dialogue: 0,1:21:11.88,1:21:15.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from scratch. To do this,\Nwe must go back to Aristotle.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:16.56,1:21:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, “Do not confuse\Nthe economic -
Dialogue: 0,1:21:20.52,1:21:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oikos nomia, the norms\Nof running home and community,
Dialogue: 0,1:21:25.68,1:21:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with chrematistic, krema atos,\Nthe accumulation of money.”
Dialogue: 0,1:21:30.08,1:21:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That brings us to education.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:32.64,1:21:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In education today,\Nto what degree is Aristotle taught?
Dialogue: 0,1:21:37.28,1:21:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who knows Aristotle? Who reads him?
Dialogue: 0,1:21:39.52,1:21:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could say the same\Nof Victor Hugo, Jean-Paul Sartre,
Dialogue: 0,1:21:44.88,1:21:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Archimedes, etc.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:47.84,1:21:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, today,
Dialogue: 0,1:21:50.72,1:21:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we say we’re in\Na knowledge-based economy,
Dialogue: 0,1:21:54.00,1:21:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we’ve never educated\Nor taught so little.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:57.32,1:22:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet we’ve never put so much emphasis
Dialogue: 0,1:22:01.04,1:22:03.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on so-called training\Nand educational institutions.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:04.08,1:22:09.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now for the paradox and nonsensical.\NThey’re in the fact that
Dialogue: 0,1:22:09.96,1:22:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just about everywhere,\Nparticularly in North America,
Dialogue: 0,1:22:12.84,1:22:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,schools are being turned into\Nthe system’s servant factories.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:19.56,1:22:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, thinking bipeds
Dialogue: 0,1:22:24.20,1:22:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,must be concerned only about fuelling\Nthis free, self-regulating market
Dialogue: 0,1:22:30.64,1:22:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the mechanics\Nof production and finance.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:33.84,1:22:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call this “employability”,
Dialogue: 0,1:22:36.16,1:22:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,training the employable,
Dialogue: 0,1:22:39.28,1:22:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reforming education,\Nfrom grade school to university -
Dialogue: 0,1:22:44.20,1:22:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,training people to find their place\Nin the labour market.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:48.40,1:22:49.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s horrible.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:50.32,1:22:52.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Would a Victor Hugo\Nbe employable today?
Dialogue: 0,1:22:53.52,1:22:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Would a Socrates be employable?
Dialogue: 0,1:22:56.52,1:23:00.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Would a Paul Verlaine\Nor a Rimbaud be employable?
Dialogue: 0,1:23:00.56,1:23:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No! So, there would be none.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:03.24,1:23:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what would humanity be\Nwithout Socrates, Aristotle,
Dialogue: 0,1:23:07.12,1:23:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rimbaud, Verlaine, Hugo?
Dialogue: 0,1:23:10.28,1:23:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What would we be without them?\NWe’d be animals.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:13.96,1:23:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, on the pretence that they’re\Nunemployable and unwanted,
Dialogue: 0,1:23:18.24,1:23:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we no longer train poets, literary\Npeople, pure mathematicians,
Dialogue: 0,1:23:23.72,1:23:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or theoretical physicists.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:26.96,1:23:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We only train what industry,\Nfinancial enterprise, wants
Dialogue: 0,1:23:31.20,1:23:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fuel the money-making machine.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:34.88,1:23:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who is employable?
Dialogue: 0,1:23:36.64,1:23:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people I see in universities\Nwhere I teach, around the world.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:40.72,1:23:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, at the highest level\N- Master’s, Ph.D. -
Dialogue: 0,1:23:45.84,1:23:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they’re what I call “technocrats”,
Dialogue: 0,1:23:49.96,1:23:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,analytical technocrats,\Ntrained to analyze problems.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:54.44,1:23:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We tell them they’re smart\Nbecause they do problem-solving.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:58.00,1:24:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Problem-solving is not intelligence.\NProblem-formulation is.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:02.96,1:24:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The person who formulates\Nthe problem is the smart one.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:06.48,1:24:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He articulates it, puts it in terms\Nof links and combinations
Dialogue: 0,1:24:11.56,1:24:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that call for a question.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:13.68,1:24:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He’s the smart one. The one who\Nrelies on a pre-formulated problem
Dialogue: 0,1:24:18.24,1:24:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to find the right solution\Nisn’t intelligent.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:22.36,1:24:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite what they say.\NAnalytical technocrats
Dialogue: 0,1:24:25.84,1:24:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,master techniques\Nof analysis and calculation,
Dialogue: 0,1:24:29.28,1:24:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and confuse thinking\Nwith analyzing and calculating.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:33.16,1:24:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They make decisions with no qualms,\Nlike laying off 60,000 in a day,
Dialogue: 0,1:24:37.92,1:24:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doubling their salary by a million,\Nand saying “I’m suffering.”
Dialogue: 0,1:24:41.96,1:24:45.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I make hard decisions.\NThese are non-humans!
Dialogue: 0,1:24:45.80,1:24:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Someone who openly makes\Ndecisions without soul-searching
Dialogue: 0,1:24:49.60,1:24:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is saying, “I’m not a human being.”
Dialogue: 0,1:24:53.16,1:24:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By what right do we let him make\Ndecisions that affect human beings?
Dialogue: 0,1:24:58.12,1:25:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He says, “No soul-searching,\Nno soul. I’m not human.”
Dialogue: 0,1:25:03.88,1:25:08.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are highly trained technocrats.\NAt the intermediate level …
Dialogue: 0,1:25:10.12,1:25:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the producer technicians.\NThese technicians serve machines,
Dialogue: 0,1:25:15.92,1:25:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the computer\Nto the digital machine
Dialogue: 0,1:25:19.52,1:25:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that cranks out parts\Nin plastic, steel, aluminum.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:23.28,1:25:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These people are there
Dialogue: 0,1:25:25.88,1:25:30.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the automated mechanics\Nof production never break down.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:30.64,1:25:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only knowledge required of them
Dialogue: 0,1:25:33.64,1:25:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the logic of the machinery\Nthey’re overseeing. That’s all.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:39.52,1:25:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What’s more, they’re merely required\Nto understand the machine’s demands.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:46.64,1:25:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don’t even dominate the machine,\Nor possess a kind of …
Dialogue: 0,1:25:52.36,1:25:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human superiority, additional soul,\Nknowledge or sense of the machine.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:57.84,1:26:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, the machine says,\Nif you’re smart enough,
Dialogue: 0,1:26:01.96,1:26:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find the bad chip, change the card.\NAnd if he can’t, he’s no good.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:08.40,1:26:12.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on the lower levels,\Nwhat do we train? We don’t.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:12.36,1:26:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,45% of the labour of multi-nationals,\NAmerican in particular,
Dialogue: 0,1:26:17.16,1:26:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are completely illiterate.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:19.44,1:26:22.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The multi-nationals\Ndon’t want to change that.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:22.60,1:26:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don’t want these illiterates\Nto be the least bit trained,
Dialogue: 0,1:26:27.60,1:26:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because otherwise\Nthey’ll start asking questions.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:31.12,1:26:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lf they read papers and reports,\Nthey’ll start asking questions,
Dialogue: 0,1:26:36.48,1:26:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unionizing, thinking.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:39.28,1:26:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, no way.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:41.12,1:26:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, particularly in North America\Nand even more in the States,
Dialogue: 0,1:26:46.56,1:26:49.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are primary\Nand high school graduates …
Dialogue: 0,1:26:51.56,1:26:54.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fairly staggering proportions -
Dialogue: 0,1:26:54.80,1:26:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up to 25% here in Québec,
Dialogue: 0,1:26:57.84,1:27:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if we looked at U.S. figures,\Nthey’d be the same, if not more -
Dialogue: 0,1:27:03.60,1:27:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who graduated, yet are illiterate,\Nwho basically can’t read or write.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:09.08,1:27:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They graduated by seniority.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:12.68,1:27:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By attendance and age.\NThis suits the system fine.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:17.00,1:27:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because when your low-level workers
Dialogue: 0,1:27:22.16,1:27:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are lobotomized bipeds,
Dialogue: 0,1:27:24.24,1:27:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who haven’t even been taught to think\Nbecause this would require reading …
Dialogue: 0,1:27:29.36,1:27:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lf I want to learn to think,\NI must read Victor Hugo, poems …
Dialogue: 0,1:27:33.00,1:27:35.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I must read philosophers.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:35.72,1:27:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Writers teach me to think.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:38.80,1:27:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can’t think without putting words\Nand their permutations into my head.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:44.08,1:27:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lf I don’t have this, I cannot think.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:46.64,1:27:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I can become an excellent\Nreproducer of the system,
Dialogue: 0,1:27:50.96,1:27:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who doesn’t think\Nand who defends the system.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:55.20,1:27:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are now workers who say -\Nand this has happened to me
Dialogue: 0,1:27:58.72,1:28:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in serious situations where\Nthere are closures, layoffs, etc.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:04.08,1:28:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I ask the workers,\N“What do you think?”
Dialogue: 0,1:28:07.44,1:28:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They often tell me,\N“It’s the law of the market.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:10.84,1:28:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Competition. We must be more\Ncompetitive than the Japanese…”
Dialogue: 0,1:28:15.28,1:28:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They defend the very system\Nthat’s crushing them.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:20.68,1:28:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We began by examining the networks\Nby which ideas circulate.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:25.16,1:28:28.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Education’s the same. We find …
Dialogue: 0,1:28:28.56,1:28:32.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ideological justifications, theorists,\Npeople who conceived education,
Dialogue: 0,1:28:34.00,1:28:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,advocating its transformation\Nin a way I’ll describe.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:37.28,1:28:40.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are also\Npowerful transnational institutions
Dialogue: 0,1:28:40.72,1:28:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that entertain the same discourse\Nand compel agents, governments
Dialogue: 0,1:28:46.80,1:28:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and teachers to adopt practices\Nthat conform to these ideals.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:50.16,1:28:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, lobby groups, think tanks,\Ntry to accomplish the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:54.60,1:28:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Education is striking.\NIt has all three.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:59.40,1:29:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most influential education\Ntheorist of the last 50 years
Dialogue: 0,1:29:02.92,1:29:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was an economist, not a pedagogue.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:07.28,1:29:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The top educational theorist\Nwas probably Gary Becker.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:12.20,1:29:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He teaches at\Nthe University of Chicago.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:14.64,1:29:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He developed\Nthe theory of human capital.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:18.24,1:29:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea is …
Dialogue: 0,1:29:20.04,1:29:23.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humans and knowledge\Nare capital that requires investment
Dialogue: 0,1:29:23.28,1:29:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and evaluation from\Nthe standpoint of profitability.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:26.68,1:29:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This theory of human capital
Dialogue: 0,1:29:29.52,1:29:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allows mathematical economic tools\Nto be applied to education,
Dialogue: 0,1:29:35.16,1:29:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,henceforth viewed as a certain order\Nof capital that can be quantified.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:40.16,1:29:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This has been the most influential\Ntheory of the last 50 years,
Dialogue: 0,1:29:44.36,1:29:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially where it counts, in places\Nwhere decision-makers are influenced.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:49.04,1:29:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Places where States,\Neducation ministers
Dialogue: 0,1:29:52.52,1:29:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and education policy-makers\Nare influenced.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:55.80,1:30:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second theorist who established\Nthe mechanisms that are in play now
Dialogue: 0,1:30:01.04,1:30:04.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is Milton Friedman, the father\Nof monetary economics,
Dialogue: 0,1:30:05.16,1:30:08.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who proposed a system\Nof education vouchers,
Dialogue: 0,1:30:09.20,1:30:12.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea again being\Nto inject market mechanisms
Dialogue: 0,1:30:12.96,1:30:16.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into education,\Nand to make schools compete.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:16.48,1:30:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These 2 education theories, never\Ndiscussed in education faculties,
Dialogue: 0,1:30:22.64,1:30:26.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the most influential\Nrecent educational thinking.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:26.32,1:30:31.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These theories circulate to the IMF,\Nthe OECD, the World Bank.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:31.88,1:30:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,National education systems are\Nanalyzed from their point of view.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:36.24,1:30:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Recommendations\Nare made accordingly.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:39.80,1:30:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think tanks and major media groups\Noften enjoy privileged connections.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:46.36,1:30:52.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Propaganda naturally circulates\Nfrom one group to the other.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:52.24,1:30:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, it is largely due\Nto this media transmission
Dialogue: 0,1:30:57.52,1:31:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that neo-liberal ideology\Nattains the status of accepted fact.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:04.12,1:31:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,propaganda and indoctrination
Dialogue: 0,1:31:04.20,1:31:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,propaganda and indoctrination
Dialogue: 0,1:31:11.76,1:31:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the media
Dialogue: 0,1:31:19.96,1:31:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has traditionally been said\Nthat Hitler invented propaganda.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:25.32,1:31:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Journals, etc., describe how Hitler\Nunderstood its role in World War II.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:30.40,1:31:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s true, he understood\Nit’s societal importance.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:34.60,1:31:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he didn’t invent it.\NHe learned from us,
Dialogue: 0,1:31:37.52,1:31:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Western democracies,\Nin particular the English,
Dialogue: 0,1:31:41.68,1:31:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Americans.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:43.56,1:31:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Overall, since the advent\Nof modern societies,
Dialogue: 0,1:31:47.36,1:31:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two trends prevail.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:49.32,1:31:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first calls for participative\Ndemocracy with aware people,
Dialogue: 0,1:31:53.80,1:31:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who can talk, act\Nand influence decisions.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:58.48,1:32:03.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other vision of the world says\Nsome people must be pushed aside.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:03.28,1:32:06.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They must not get involved\Nin the issues that concern them.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:07.08,1:32:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This vision of society,\Nthe world and the economy
Dialogue: 0,1:32:10.96,1:32:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also exists in our culture.\NIt strongly manifested itself
Dialogue: 0,1:32:15.28,1:32:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during World War I in the U.S.,\Nwhen the government was elected
Dialogue: 0,1:32:20.36,1:32:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a promise\Nof abstaining from war.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:23.52,1:32:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shortly thereafter, for reasons\Npertaining to internal affairs
Dialogue: 0,1:32:28.28,1:32:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the role of the industrialists,
Dialogue: 0,1:32:30.44,1:32:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the government decided\Nto enter into the conflict.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:34.44,1:32:39.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The serious problem it then faced was\Nconfronting an opposed population.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:39.76,1:32:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They formed a commission named after\Nthe journalist who presided over it,
Dialogue: 0,1:32:44.84,1:32:47.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr Creel.\NIt was the Creel Commission.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:47.56,1:32:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This commission largely invented\Nmodern propaganda techniques,
Dialogue: 0,1:32:52.96,1:32:56.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,techniques for shaping\Nand preparing public opinion.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:57.64,1:33:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Creel Commission magnificently\Nfulfilled its mandate,
Dialogue: 0,1:33:02.16,1:33:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reversing public opinion\Nin a few months.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:05.20,1:33:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The commission engaged very famous\Npeople, renowned intellectuals
Dialogue: 0,1:33:09.64,1:33:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Edward Burnays, founder of\Nthe modern public-relations industry.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:14.56,1:33:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These people later\Nleft the commission
Dialogue: 0,1:33:17.44,1:33:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and established communication tools\Nwithin our societies
Dialogue: 0,1:33:21.84,1:33:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are still present and are among\Nthe propaganda mechanisms.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:25.96,1:33:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One very important political aim
Dialogue: 0,1:33:28.80,1:33:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to exclude part of the population,\Nto shape public opinion
Dialogue: 0,1:33:32.52,1:33:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and build consensus within society.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:35.92,1:33:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The institutions they invented -\Npublic relations firms -
Dialogue: 0,1:33:40.00,1:33:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plus the modern concept of the role\Nof companies and of P.R. within them,
Dialogue: 0,1:33:45.12,1:33:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,social communication, media,\Nthe role of the intellectual,
Dialogue: 0,1:33:49.44,1:33:53.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the role of publicity and information\Nin our society …
Dialogue: 0,1:33:53.84,1:33:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was all set up, and was\Nthe lesson Hitler rightly remembered.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:58.00,1:34:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whence the mechanisms that\Nled to today’s one-track thinking?
Dialogue: 0,1:34:01.80,1:34:07.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They’re the descendents of what\NI’m describing - the Creel Commission
Dialogue: 0,1:34:08.04,1:34:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, further back in time,\Nof the conception of politics
Dialogue: 0,1:34:12.28,1:34:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that says society must exclude\Npart of its population to function.
Dialogue: 0,1:34:16.92,1:34:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We find this too.
Dialogue: 0,1:34:19.24,1:34:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if the agents I’m describing\Nare very powerful, strong, numerous,
Dialogue: 0,1:34:23.76,1:34:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a counter-discourse arises, as do\Nsites where other analyses blossom,
Dialogue: 0,1:34:29.20,1:34:34.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alternative media, intellectuals,\Nsocial and community groups,
Dialogue: 0,1:34:34.32,1:34:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where new thought percolates.\NThere’s a dual phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,1:34:38.48,1:34:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately,\Npensée unique predominates.
Dialogue: 0,1:34:41.44,1:34:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Propaganda is working.
Dialogue: 0,1:34:44.36,1:34:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through such mechanisms\Nand institutions,
Dialogue: 0,1:34:47.76,1:34:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a world vision, a vocabulary, a way\Nof thinking and conceiving the world
Dialogue: 0,1:34:51.76,1:34:54.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ensure that certain questions\Nmay be asked,
Dialogue: 0,1:34:54.56,1:34:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certain answers given,
Dialogue: 0,1:34:56.64,1:34:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certain analyses made,\Nwhile others are excluded.
Dialogue: 0,1:35:03.04,1:35:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Currently, dominant ideology,\Nwhich I call ambient ideology,
Dialogue: 0,1:35:06.96,1:35:11.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has its official face,\Nthe pensée unique we spoke of,
Dialogue: 0,1:35:11.48,1:35:14.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its unofficial face, which is …
Dialogue: 0,1:35:14.44,1:35:19.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this ensemble of behaviours\Nprescribed by the media overall.
Dialogue: 0,1:35:20.16,1:35:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This ideology never appears\Nas an ideology.
Dialogue: 0,1:35:23.84,1:35:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s presented as entirely natural,\Nsomething we should obviously do.
Dialogue: 0,1:35:29.52,1:35:34.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Owning a TV must be obvious.\N“How can one not own a TV
Dialogue: 0,1:35:35.28,1:35:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the late 20th century?”
Dialogue: 0,1:35:38.32,1:35:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Accepting the advertising system\Nis obvious.
Dialogue: 0,1:35:42.96,1:35:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Surely, you won’t,
Dialogue: 0,1:35:46.08,1:35:51.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in early 2K, call the advertising\Nsystem into question!”
Dialogue: 0,1:35:51.68,1:35:54.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All that is ideological,\Nall that is choice,
Dialogue: 0,1:35:56.08,1:36:00.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which the system has organized\Nwithout consulting us,
Dialogue: 0,1:36:00.32,1:36:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is presented to us as self-evident,\Ngiven and above discussion.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:06.92,1:36:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Interesting. Indeed,\Nconcerning pensée unique,
Dialogue: 0,1:36:12.08,1:36:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a uniform,\Npartial and sectarian way
Dialogue: 0,1:36:17.12,1:36:19.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of interpreting and\Nconducting economy,
Dialogue: 0,1:36:20.72,1:36:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alain Minc said, “Thought\Nis not unique, reality is.”
Dialogue: 0,1:36:24.24,1:36:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From that point on,\Nforget calling into question
Dialogue: 0,1:36:27.72,1:36:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the liberal or ultra-liberal\Neconomy was doing.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:31.60,1:36:35.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was given as reality.\NReality had to be followed.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:35.72,1:36:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example,\N“Internationalization is a reality.”
Dialogue: 0,1:36:39.32,1:36:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course it is,\Nbut not necessarily a good one.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:44.16,1:36:48.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ideology says it’s a reality,\Nit’s valid, we must go with it.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:49.52,1:36:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Globalization, same thing.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:53.44,1:36:55.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Privatization, same thing.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:56.16,1:37:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s being done, so it must be done.\NIt had to be done, etc.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:01.48,1:37:04.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They present as faits accomplis,
Dialogue: 0,1:37:05.52,1:37:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things people must be made to accept,\Ninstead of asking whether they agree.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:11.12,1:37:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Naturally, this pertains to\Nwhat I was saying in my book
Dialogue: 0,1:37:15.68,1:37:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the sophism of the ineluctable:
Dialogue: 0,1:37:18.48,1:37:23.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most politicians cover up\Ntheir actions, their choices,
Dialogue: 0,1:37:24.24,1:37:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because these choices and decisions\Nare being billed as inevitable.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:29.76,1:37:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We couldn’t do otherwise.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:31.92,1:37:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was decreed.\NThe Americans are doing this.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:36.00,1:37:41.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone knows what happens in France\Nhappened 10 years earlier in the U.S.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:42.12,1:37:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It had to be done in France.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:45.16,1:37:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Renault closed a factory in Belgium
Dialogue: 0,1:37:49.76,1:37:53.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to restructure …
Dialogue: 0,1:37:54.64,1:38:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and create factories elsewhere to do\Nthe same work, with cheaper labour.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:00.40,1:38:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the result\Nof an economic calculation.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:04.68,1:38:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About this closure, the head of the\NFrench state declared the following:
Dialogue: 0,1:38:12.12,1:38:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alas, factory closures are life.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:14.88,1:38:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Trees are born, live and die, as do\Nplants, animals, men and companies.”
Dialogue: 0,1:38:20.80,1:38:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is a good example\Nof naturalizing
Dialogue: 0,1:38:25.04,1:38:27.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what’s happening,\Nwhich is depoliticization.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:28.00,1:38:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People are obliged\Nto accept as natural,
Dialogue: 0,1:38:31.76,1:38:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as independent\Nof the will of politicians,
Dialogue: 0,1:38:35.08,1:38:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certain decisions\Nthat are in fact contingent.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:42.16,1:38:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s how they manipulate citizens
Dialogue: 0,1:38:45.04,1:38:50.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dissuade them from believing\Nin their own vote, ultimately.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:51.72,1:38:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, the functioning\Nof the media
Dialogue: 0,1:38:54.60,1:38:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fosters the creation of truth.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:59.96,1:39:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The truth can only appear\Nas the confrontation,
Dialogue: 0,1:39:04.24,1:39:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the verification of a given version
Dialogue: 0,1:39:07.88,1:39:12.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,confirmed by a number of witnesses.\NWe know truth is hard to establish.
Dialogue: 0,1:39:12.92,1:39:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see it with investigating judges,
Dialogue: 0,1:39:17.32,1:39:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with analytical scientists\Ntrying to discover truth.
Dialogue: 0,1:39:21.12,1:39:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But today,\Nthe way the media functions,
Dialogue: 0,1:39:24.20,1:39:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it’s enough that,\Nin coverage of an event,
Dialogue: 0,1:39:29.00,1:39:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the media - press, radio, TV -\Nsay the same thing
Dialogue: 0,1:39:33.60,1:39:37.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this to be established as truth,\Neven if it’s false.
Dialogue: 0,1:39:38.36,1:39:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We saw it during the Gulf War,\Nand recent mega-events.
Dialogue: 0,1:39:46.60,1:39:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consequently, in establishing\Nthis kind of false equation,
Dialogue: 0,1:39:51.12,1:39:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,repetition equals proof.\NI was recently rereading …
Dialogue: 0,1:39:54.96,1:39:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brave New World by Aldous Huxley,
Dialogue: 0,1:39:59.88,1:40:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I found a phrase\Nabout hypnopaedia,
Dialogue: 0,1:40:03.64,1:40:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the aural hypnosis they subject\Ninfants to when they’re born
Dialogue: 0,1:40:08.72,1:40:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to persuade them to be happy\Nto be what they are,
Dialogue: 0,1:40:12.68,1:40:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of the directors of the\NConditioning Centre, as it’s called,
Dialogue: 0,1:40:20.36,1:40:24.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,says, “64,000 repetitions\Nmake one truth.”
Dialogue: 0,1:40:24.88,1:40:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We’re now in Huxley’s world.
Dialogue: 0,1:40:37.64,1:40:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sustained by incessant\Npropaganda and proselytizing
Dialogue: 0,1:40:41.52,1:40:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that pass repeatedly through\Nthe multiple relays
Dialogue: 0,1:40:45.84,1:40:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a sprawling network\Nof mind control,
Dialogue: 0,1:40:50.16,1:40:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neo-liberal reforms\Ngradually impose themselves
Dialogue: 0,1:40:54.20,1:40:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the anaesthetized consciences\Nof Western democracies.
Dialogue: 0,1:40:58.80,1:41:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In these countries, in the name\Nof a necessary “realism”,
Dialogue: 0,1:41:03.88,1:41:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all parties, both right and left,\Nadopt measures
Dialogue: 0,1:41:08.00,1:41:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sap the social State more\Nevery day, to market’s benefit.
Dialogue: 0,1:41:13.52,1:41:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But elsewhere, where propaganda\Ndoesn’t enjoy the same success,
Dialogue: 0,1:41:19.32,1:41:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially in developing countries,\Nother solutions are imperative.
Dialogue: 0,1:41:24.52,1:41:28.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Drastic solutions.
Dialogue: 0,1:41:28.36,1:41:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For behind the ideological\Nsmokescreen,
Dialogue: 0,1:41:32.24,1:41:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,behind the beautiful concepts\Nof spontaneous order
Dialogue: 0,1:41:36.08,1:41:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and harmonized interests\Nin a free market,
Dialogue: 0,1:41:39.92,1:41:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond the panacea\Nof the invisible hand,
Dialogue: 0,1:41:44.04,1:41:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what’s really hidden?
Dialogue: 0,1:41:45.96,1:41:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What were the true motivations\Nof the bankers and industrialists
Dialogue: 0,1:41:51.60,1:41:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who financed the establishment\Nof the neo-liberal network?
Dialogue: 0,1:41:57.48,1:42:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neo-liberalism or neo-colonialism?
Dialogue: 0,1:42:05.20,1:42:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strong-arm tactics\Nof the financial markets
Dialogue: 0,1:44:23.20,1:44:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before,
Dialogue: 0,1:44:26.28,1:44:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nearly all of banks’ operations\Nuntil the ’70s were monitored.
Dialogue: 0,1:44:32.48,1:44:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All these operations passed\Nvia the French central bank
Dialogue: 0,1:44:36.96,1:44:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which kept track.
Dialogue: 0,1:44:39.00,1:44:42.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the problem is,\Nbanks transact over the counter.
Dialogue: 0,1:44:43.04,1:44:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They’ve taken out just over\Nhalf of their business figures -
Dialogue: 0,1:44:48.64,1:44:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OTC transactions\Noutside market control.
Dialogue: 0,1:44:52.08,1:44:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s as though there were\Nthe normal market,
Dialogue: 0,1:44:54.96,1:44:59.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a black market.\NA grocery with posted prices
Dialogue: 0,1:44:59.44,1:45:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a proper cash register.\NThen, a mysterious black market.
Dialogue: 0,1:45:04.04,1:45:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In its reports,\Nthe Bank of France says,
Dialogue: 0,1:45:06.92,1:45:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it checks bank reports,
Dialogue: 0,1:45:09.76,1:45:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about half of bank transactions\Nare unreported,
Dialogue: 0,1:45:13.48,1:45:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond the control\Nof a superior authority,
Dialogue: 0,1:45:17.04,1:45:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a public treasury\Nor a central bank.
Dialogue: 0,1:45:20.96,1:45:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These unreported activities mean that\Ngovernments count for nothing.
Dialogue: 0,1:45:28.64,1:45:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There must be …
Dialogue: 0,1:45:33.00,1:45:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,$500 billion minimum
Dialogue: 0,1:45:35.08,1:45:38.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,circulating every day\Nin off-shore funds, etc.
Dialogue: 0,1:45:39.20,1:45:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If a government hassles a bank,
Dialogue: 0,1:45:42.28,1:45:47.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn’t care. It just stocks up\Nwith one of its foreign counterparts,
Dialogue: 0,1:45:47.48,1:45:49.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another multi-national bank,
Dialogue: 0,1:45:50.20,1:45:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an off-shore fund or elsewhere.\NNo problem. Money’s mobile now.
Dialogue: 0,1:45:54.76,1:45:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beyond the control\Nof any public authority.
Dialogue: 0,1:45:58.44,1:45:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OTC transactions
Dialogue: 0,1:46:05.20,1:46:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are a very serious problem.
Dialogue: 0,1:46:08.40,1:46:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To control the economy,\Nyou must control money.
Dialogue: 0,1:46:13.48,1:46:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over-the-counter operations\Nare generally effectuated
Dialogue: 0,1:46:18.64,1:46:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with relatively new financial\Ninstruments, derivative products:
Dialogue: 0,1:46:30.16,1:46:33.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s basically insurance contracts.\NIn other words,
Dialogue: 0,1:46:35.36,1:46:38.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get insured\Nagainst future fluctuations
Dialogue: 0,1:46:39.20,1:46:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in interest rates and currency.
Dialogue: 0,1:46:42.32,1:46:44.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You sign a contract
Dialogue: 0,1:46:46.56,1:46:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with someone to pay in 6 months.\NThe contract is in dollars.
Dialogue: 0,1:46:53.96,1:46:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the dollar rises,\Nyou’re in trouble. In 6 months,
Dialogue: 0,1:46:57.52,1:47:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you’ll have to buy dollars at a 10%\Npremium. So you take out insurance
Dialogue: 0,1:47:03.36,1:47:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the value of the dollar.
Dialogue: 0,1:47:06.44,1:47:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A guy takes on the risk. You pay him\N3% or 4% extra at the onset.
Dialogue: 0,1:47:12.20,1:47:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whatever the dollar’s rise or fall -\Nthe guy wins if it falls -
Dialogue: 0,1:47:16.84,1:47:20.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don’t move. You have insurance.\NThat’s derivative products.
Dialogue: 0,1:47:21.12,1:47:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The interesting thing is\Nit creates a risk economy.
Dialogue: 0,1:47:25.52,1:47:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Currency’s no longer controlled,\Ncapital flux isn’t monitored, etc.
Dialogue: 0,1:47:29.76,1:47:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it’s an economy\Nwhere risk is maintained
Dialogue: 0,1:47:32.72,1:47:35.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to create\Non top of this system,
Dialogue: 0,1:47:36.24,1:47:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an insurance system\Nwhere risk is covered.
Dialogue: 0,1:47:40.24,1:47:44.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the difference between this\Nand risks like car accidents
Dialogue: 0,1:47:45.40,1:47:50.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that accidents are predictable.\NIt’s the law of probability.
Dialogue: 0,1:47:50.60,1:47:54.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas the risks\Nin the financial markets …
Dialogue: 0,1:47:55.84,1:48:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are rare epiphenomena that\Ncan’t be statistically quantified.
Dialogue: 0,1:48:01.40,1:48:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Absolute risks,\Nabsolutely unforeseeable.
Dialogue: 0,1:48:04.40,1:48:08.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these insurance contracts\Nthat crown the normal economy
Dialogue: 0,1:48:08.88,1:48:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,create a 2nd layer\Nthat’s even riskier.
Dialogue: 0,1:48:11.76,1:48:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, sometimes people take out\Ninsurance on their insurance.
Dialogue: 0,1:48:17.12,1:48:20.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s Escheresque.\NYou create a risk pyramid.
Dialogue: 0,1:48:20.36,1:48:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people speculate on that.
Dialogue: 0,1:48:23.44,1:48:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You create a purely speculative\Neconomy by sustaining risk.
Dialogue: 0,1:48:28.08,1:48:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A trait of contemporary capitalism\Nis this economy where financial risk
Dialogue: 0,1:48:33.64,1:48:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is systematically maintained,\Nand systematically marketed.
Dialogue: 0,1:48:42.80,1:48:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1980s, under the sway\Nof Thatcher and Reagan,
Dialogue: 0,1:48:49.00,1:48:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a number of countries adopted reforms\Nto deregulate financial markets.
Dialogue: 0,1:48:54.96,1:49:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By allowing capital to flow freely,\Ngovernments considerably increased
Dialogue: 0,1:49:01.84,1:49:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the power\Nof major institutional speculators:
Dialogue: 0,1:49:06.48,1:49:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hedge funds, commercial banks,\Npension funds, insurance companies …
Dialogue: 0,1:49:14.64,1:49:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now in a position of strength,
Dialogue: 0,1:49:18.00,1:49:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these entities would act as a new\Npurveyor of neo-liberal ideology,
Dialogue: 0,1:49:24.24,1:49:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going so far as to compel\Nthe most recalcitrant States
Dialogue: 0,1:49:29.32,1:49:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to accelerate the liberalization\Nof their economy.
Dialogue: 0,1:49:32.92,1:49:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among the methods used to do this,\Nspeculative attacks proved to be
Dialogue: 0,1:49:40.40,1:49:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly effective …\Nand devastating.
Dialogue: 0,1:49:42.96,1:49:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Certainly, the emperor’s new clothes\Nare woven of complex mechanisms
Dialogue: 0,1:49:48.84,1:49:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that readily deflect\Nthe most curious minds.
Dialogue: 0,1:49:53.04,1:49:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if colonialism has changed\Nits look, its goal remains the same:
Dialogue: 0,1:49:58.76,1:50:00.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the concentration of capital.
Dialogue: 0,1:50:05.52,1:50:07.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Speculation …
Dialogue: 0,1:50:07.84,1:50:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has several instruments.
Dialogue: 0,1:50:12.64,1:50:14.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without going into technical details,
Dialogue: 0,1:50:15.76,1:50:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’d like to show what happened\Nin the Asian Financial Crisis of ’97,
Dialogue: 0,1:50:24.32,1:50:28.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which led to a currency collapse\Nin several countries,
Dialogue: 0,1:50:29.12,1:50:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,countries that had been categorized\Nas “Asian tigers”,
Dialogue: 0,1:50:35.72,1:50:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a successful economy, etc.
Dialogue: 0,1:50:40.24,1:50:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were various factors\Nin this crisis,
Dialogue: 0,1:50:43.12,1:50:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think one of\Nthe fundamental elements
Dialogue: 0,1:50:47.92,1:50:51.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the prior deregulation\Nof the exchange market.
Dialogue: 0,1:50:52.00,1:50:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In certain cases,\Nthis deregulation was imposed,
Dialogue: 0,1:50:57.28,1:51:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if not indeed recommended by\Nthe International Monetary Fund.
Dialogue: 0,1:51:03.68,1:51:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, speculators
Dialogue: 0,1:51:07.64,1:51:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got their hands on the reserves\Nof the central banks
Dialogue: 0,1:51:12.16,1:51:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the following mechanism:
Dialogue: 0,1:51:16.48,1:51:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they speculated against\Nnational currencies
Dialogue: 0,1:51:22.28,1:51:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by selling short.
Dialogue: 0,1:51:25.96,1:51:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Short selling is speculating on\Na transferable security’s decrease
Dialogue: 0,1:51:31.40,1:51:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than on its increase,\Nas is traditionally the case.
Dialogue: 0,1:51:37.44,1:51:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If a security is the object\Nof massive short selling,
Dialogue: 0,1:51:42.72,1:51:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it leads to a collapse in demand\Nand thus of the security’s price.
Dialogue: 0,1:51:49.48,1:51:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This constitutes speculative attack
Dialogue: 0,1:51:52.40,1:51:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for, in wagering massively\Non a decrease in value,
Dialogue: 0,1:51:58.80,1:52:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the speculators themselves\Nbring about the decrease.
Dialogue: 0,1:52:04.88,1:52:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Say I want to short sell\Nthe Korean won.
Dialogue: 0,1:52:10.08,1:52:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I start selling huge quantities\Nof Korean won,
Dialogue: 0,1:52:14.40,1:52:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deliverable at some future date.\NThe contracts are 3 or 6 months.
Dialogue: 0,1:52:21.04,1:52:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the contract comes to term,\NI must deliver huge quantities
Dialogue: 0,1:52:25.12,1:52:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Korean won or Thai baht.
Dialogue: 0,1:52:28.84,1:52:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I don’t have them.\NI can sell as much as I want,
Dialogue: 0,1:52:33.32,1:52:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can sell billions of dollars’ worth\Nof Korean won.
Dialogue: 0,1:52:39.68,1:52:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who buys up the Korean won?
Dialogue: 0,1:52:42.44,1:52:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The central bank of Korea,
Dialogue: 0,1:52:45.64,1:52:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is obliged through accords\Nwith the International Monetary Fund
Dialogue: 0,1:52:51.84,1:52:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stabilize its currency.
Dialogue: 0,1:52:56.16,1:52:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Technically, what happened was,
Dialogue: 0,1:53:00.32,1:53:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the Korean currency fell,
Dialogue: 0,1:53:04.48,1:53:05.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few months later,
Dialogue: 0,1:53:06.16,1:53:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the short-selling contracts\Ncame to term
Dialogue: 0,1:53:10.48,1:53:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that’s when …
Dialogue: 0,1:53:13.08,1:53:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was an appropriation\Nof the central bank reserves,
Dialogue: 0,1:53:17.96,1:53:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the won was worthless
Dialogue: 0,1:53:20.52,1:53:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and speculators had only to buy\NKorean won on the spot market,
Dialogue: 0,1:53:26.12,1:53:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then fulfill the terms\Nof their contracts.
Dialogue: 0,1:53:31.80,1:53:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the central bank’s buying back\Nits own money - not too profitable.
Dialogue: 0,1:53:36.60,1:53:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in exchange,\Nits reserves are confiscated
Dialogue: 0,1:53:39.32,1:53:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and go into the pockets\Nof the major Western banks.
Dialogue: 0,1:53:45.48,1:53:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s the mechanism.
Dialogue: 0,1:53:47.76,1:53:51.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the reserves have been sacked,
Dialogue: 0,1:53:52.64,1:53:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this means Korea must now\Ngo to the IMF and say,
Dialogue: 0,1:53:59.36,1:54:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our reserves have been sacked.\NWe can’t function without them.
Dialogue: 0,1:54:02.76,1:54:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We must reimburse…” (The money\Nhasn’t even gone to creditors yet.)
Dialogue: 0,1:54:07.76,1:54:10.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We must reimburse our creditors\N(the speculators).
Dialogue: 0,1:54:11.24,1:54:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What’s going on?
Dialogue: 0,1:54:12.68,1:54:19.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the IMF grants a loan\Nin the order of $56 billion,
Dialogue: 0,1:54:19.40,1:54:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there’s participation\Nby a number of countries.
Dialogue: 0,1:54:23.24,1:54:25.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were 24 countries,
Dialogue: 0,1:54:27.52,1:54:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because astronomical sums are needed.\NThe American and Canadian treasuries,
Dialogue: 0,1:54:32.96,1:54:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the main Western governments.
Dialogue: 0,1:54:36.56,1:54:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the American\Nor Canadian treasury
Dialogue: 0,1:54:40.40,1:54:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or another Western country\Nto help give
Dialogue: 0,1:54:44.92,1:54:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a $56-billion loan,
Dialogue: 0,1:54:47.80,1:54:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have to raise\Ntheir own debt level,
Dialogue: 0,1:54:50.12,1:54:52.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means they must start selling
Dialogue: 0,1:54:54.08,1:54:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and negotiating their debt\Non the stock markets.
Dialogue: 0,1:54:58.20,1:55:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it’s the debt market.\NAnd who controls the debt market
Dialogue: 0,1:55:03.56,1:55:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for sovereign Western debt?\NThe same speculating banks.
Dialogue: 0,1:55:08.56,1:55:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There’s a vicious circle here.
Dialogue: 0,1:55:11.88,1:55:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Attack Korea, come to its rescue,
Dialogue: 0,1:55:15.20,1:55:19.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,confiscate its reserves,\Nlend it money …
Dialogue: 0,1:55:20.48,1:55:24.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the public funds\Nof various Western governments,
Dialogue: 0,1:55:25.64,1:55:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and increasing the debt\Nof these Western countries
Dialogue: 0,1:55:29.52,1:55:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,requires backing from\Nthese private-sector banks,
Dialogue: 0,1:55:36.88,1:55:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the underwriters of national debts.
Dialogue: 0,1:55:41.64,1:55:44.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the end, everyone goes into debt
Dialogue: 0,1:55:45.44,1:55:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except the speculators,
Dialogue: 0,1:55:47.76,1:55:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are creditors of both Korea\Nand the Western governments
Dialogue: 0,1:55:53.20,1:55:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who came to Korea’s rescue
Dialogue: 0,1:55:56.48,1:55:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the intermediary\Nof the IMF program.
Dialogue: 0,1:55:59.56,1:56:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what happens?
Dialogue: 0,1:56:03.72,1:56:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Korean economy
Dialogue: 0,1:56:06.48,1:56:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is doomed to bankruptcy.
Dialogue: 0,1:56:08.32,1:56:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its bank shares and high-tech\Nindustry are sold at a discount.
Dialogue: 0,1:56:16.00,1:56:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What’s in the process of happening
Dialogue: 0,1:56:18.96,1:56:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the transfer of\Nall this country’s industrial wealth
Dialogue: 0,1:56:24.32,1:56:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to American foreign investors,
Dialogue: 0,1:56:28.68,1:56:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the point where …
Dialogue: 0,1:56:31.72,1:56:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its shares are practically taken over\Nfor an absolute pittance.
Dialogue: 0,1:56:38.12,1:56:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’ll give you an example
Dialogue: 0,1:56:41.28,1:56:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of one of the primary Korean banks
Dialogue: 0,1:56:44.92,1:56:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was restructured\Non the recommendation of the IMF,
Dialogue: 0,1:56:48.72,1:56:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,following this operation,\Nbecause it had conditions.
Dialogue: 0,1:56:53.16,1:56:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This bank, Korea First Bank,\Nwas sold for $450 million.
Dialogue: 0,1:56:58.72,1:57:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was sold to Californian and\NTexan investors for $450 million.
Dialogue: 0,1:57:04.24,1:57:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a condition of sale was
Dialogue: 0,1:57:09.12,1:57:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Korean government\Nfinance the bad debts of this bank
Dialogue: 0,1:57:15.08,1:57:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with grants,
Dialogue: 0,1:57:17.36,1:57:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subsidies that were\N35 times the purchase price.
Dialogue: 0,1:57:22.64,1:57:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something in the order\Nof over $15 billion.
Dialogue: 0,1:57:25.52,1:57:27.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These American investors\Narrive in Korea,
Dialogue: 0,1:57:28.24,1:57:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and overnight they gain control over\Nthe whole local financial apparatus,
Dialogue: 0,1:57:33.76,1:57:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the commercial banks,
Dialogue: 0,1:57:35.12,1:57:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they hold the debt\Nof major Korean companies
Dialogue: 0,1:57:39.28,1:57:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Hyundai, Daewoo, etc.
Dialogue: 0,1:57:41.92,1:57:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they’re in a position to dictate\Nthe break-up of these companies!
Dialogue: 0,1:57:47.44,1:57:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Part of Daewoo\Nhas now been sold to GM.
Dialogue: 0,1:57:51.36,1:57:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other Korean companies will be sold.
Dialogue: 0,1:57:55.76,1:57:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, through a mechanism\Nthat was initially based on
Dialogue: 0,1:57:59.72,1:58:01.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,manipulating financial markets,
Dialogue: 0,1:58:04.44,1:58:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they take possession\Nof an entire economy.
Dialogue: 0,1:58:08.48,1:58:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Korean companies see\Ncredit dried up by bank crisis.
Dialogue: 0,1:58:12.72,1:58:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A million people\Naffected by unemployment
Dialogue: 0,1:58:15.60,1:58:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The IMF’s ‘beggars’”
Dialogue: 0,1:58:17.20,1:58:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most serious social crisis\NSouth Korea has faced
Dialogue: 0,1:58:20.48,1:58:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the war began.
Dialogue: 0,1:58:22.24,1:58:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Early March, the number\Nof unemployed surpasses a million”
Dialogue: 0,1:58:26.32,1:58:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The economic liberalization campaign\Nled by the financial markets
Dialogue: 0,1:58:31.56,1:58:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wouldn’t have enjoyed\Nthe same success
Dialogue: 0,1:58:34.96,1:58:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without the precious collaboration\Nof the Bretton Woods institutions,
Dialogue: 0,1:58:40.36,1:58:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which constitute another major\Nvehicle of neo-liberal ideology:
Dialogue: 0,1:58:45.56,1:58:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the International Monetary Fund\N(IMF),
Dialogue: 0,1:58:49.40,1:58:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the World Bank
Dialogue: 0,1:58:53.20,1:58:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the World Trade Organization\N(WTO, formerly GATT).
Dialogue: 0,1:58:58.00,1:59:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The IMF and World Bank\Nwere established in 1944
Dialogue: 0,1:59:02.60,1:59:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ensure the stability of exchange\Nrates and support the reconstruction
Dialogue: 0,1:59:07.92,1:59:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of countries devastated\Nby World War II.
Dialogue: 0,1:59:11.44,1:59:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over time, however, the U.S. and\NEurope have considerably altered
Dialogue: 0,1:59:17.20,1:59:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mandate of the twin institutions,\Nbased in Washington.
Dialogue: 0,1:59:22.48,1:59:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, shortly after the U.S.’s\Nunilateral decision in 1971
Dialogue: 0,1:59:27.28,1:59:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to put an end to\Nthe International Monetary System,
Dialogue: 0,1:59:32.08,1:59:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the IMF and World Bank were invested\Nwith an entirely new mandate:
Dialogue: 0,1:59:39.08,1:59:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to impose economic liberalization\Nupon developing countries,
Dialogue: 0,1:59:43.12,1:59:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by fixing as a “conditionality”\Nto granting any loan
Dialogue: 0,1:59:47.52,1:59:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the adoption of a series\Nof neo-liberal measures.
Dialogue: 0,1:59:51.76,1:59:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some have described this set of\Neconomic reforms as “shock therapy”,
Dialogue: 0,1:59:59.28,2:00:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while others ironically call it\N“the Washington Consensus”.
Dialogue: 0,2:00:05.52,2:00:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neo-liberalism or neo-colonialism?
Dialogue: 0,2:00:05.64,2:00:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neo-liberalism or neo-colonialism?
Dialogue: 0,2:00:13.20,2:00:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strong-arm tactics\Nof the Bretton Woods institutions
Dialogue: 0,2:00:22.80,2:00:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or
Dialogue: 0,2:00:24.72,2:00:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Washington Consensus
Dialogue: 0,2:00:33.00,2:00:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Washington, where the World Bank\Nand IMF are headquartered,
Dialogue: 0,2:00:37.00,2:00:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started dictating\Nto the rest of the world,
Dialogue: 0,2:00:40.48,2:00:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially the poorest,\Nalmost-bankrupt countries,
Dialogue: 0,2:00:43.72,2:00:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to apply sound economic science.
Dialogue: 0,2:00:46.52,2:00:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was called\N“structural adjustment measures”.
Dialogue: 0,2:00:49.96,2:00:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or “the structural adjustment plan”,\Ndictated by the IMF,
Dialogue: 0,2:00:53.48,2:00:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bolstered with World Bank loans\Nto the countries concerned.
Dialogue: 0,2:00:59.24,2:01:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Equatorial Guinea, 2006
Dialogue: 0,2:01:01.52,2:01:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many dozens of countries\Nwere thrown into chaos
Dialogue: 0,2:01:06.60,2:01:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,precisely because of the measures\Nof the IMF and the World Bank,
Dialogue: 0,2:01:11.40,2:01:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of which there are many.\NIt would take too long to outline
Dialogue: 0,2:01:14.80,2:01:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fundamental adjustment measures\Nvs. short-term cyclical adjustments
Dialogue: 0,2:01:20.40,2:01:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but overall,
Dialogue: 0,2:01:22.40,2:01:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let’s say the 3 or 4 most important\Nmeasures can be summed up.
Dialogue: 0,2:01:27.36,2:01:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first measure:\Nreduce State expenditures
Dialogue: 0,2:01:32.08,2:01:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first measure imposed\Non countries approaching default,
Dialogue: 0,2:01:36.64,2:01:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i.e., poverty-stricken,
Dialogue: 0,2:01:41.68,2:01:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was governmental non-deficit\Nor deficit reduction:
Dialogue: 0,2:01:45.00,2:01:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reduction of State expenditures.
Dialogue: 0,2:01:48.52,2:01:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shrink the government,\Nshrink its expenditures.
Dialogue: 0,2:01:51.84,2:01:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,second measure:\Nprivatization
Dialogue: 0,2:01:57.00,2:01:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In privatization, who will buy?
Dialogue: 0,2:02:00.84,2:02:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are no local operators.
Dialogue: 0,2:02:03.28,2:02:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there were enough\Nlocal money to buy
Dialogue: 0,2:02:06.32,2:02:11.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,entire oil, phosphate\Nor steel companies,
Dialogue: 0,2:02:12.80,2:02:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the country wouldn’t be so poor.
Dialogue: 0,2:02:16.96,2:02:22.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The extraversion of these Third-World\Nimpoverished economies gets so bad,
Dialogue: 0,2:02:22.56,2:02:28.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they sell off their last\Nnational economic interests
Dialogue: 0,2:02:28.32,2:02:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to foreign interests.
Dialogue: 0,2:02:31.28,2:02:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, multi-nationals start buying\Nand relocating to these countries,
Dialogue: 0,2:02:37.00,2:02:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,due to low wages and dollarization.
Dialogue: 0,2:02:40.52,2:02:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It gets cheaper for multi-nationals\Nto produce there than at home.
Dialogue: 0,2:02:47.36,2:02:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these multi-nationals\Ncan also acquire, dirt cheap,
Dialogue: 0,2:02:51.52,2:02:54.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,installations and\Nproduction capacities,
Dialogue: 0,2:02:54.44,2:02:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like sugar production and refining,
Dialogue: 0,2:02:57.92,2:03:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oil or gas production\Nand pre-refining,
Dialogue: 0,2:03:01.44,2:03:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gas liquefaction\Nor mineral transport, etc.
Dialogue: 0,2:03:05.36,2:03:10.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at low prices, which cost these\Nnational economies years and years.
Dialogue: 0,2:03:10.76,2:03:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,third measure:\Ncurrency devaluation
Dialogue: 0,2:03:15.48,2:03:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Devaluing local currency\Nmeans, all of a sudden,
Dialogue: 0,2:03:18.76,2:03:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for already-poor countries,
Dialogue: 0,2:03:21.04,2:03:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anything imported becomes\Nproportionally more expensive
Dialogue: 0,2:03:25.92,2:03:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the level of devaluation.
Dialogue: 0,2:03:28.60,2:03:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the CFA franc\Nwas suddenly devalued by half
Dialogue: 0,2:03:32.40,2:03:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the early ’90s,
Dialogue: 0,2:03:34.40,2:03:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, suddenly about\Na third of Africa or more
Dialogue: 0,2:03:40.40,2:03:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was using the CFA franc,
Dialogue: 0,2:03:42.96,2:03:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found itself with half its\Npurchasing power overnight.
Dialogue: 0,2:03:48.24,2:03:52.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, your wage, that lets you live\Nat a certain level,
Dialogue: 0,2:03:52.84,2:03:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only gives you half of that.
Dialogue: 0,2:03:57.32,2:04:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s an immediate 100% inflation.
Dialogue: 0,2:04:01.80,2:04:06.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Add to that manufactured or\Nsemi-manufactured products,
Dialogue: 0,2:04:07.20,2:04:10.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,refined products and\Neverything you’d expect Africa,
Dialogue: 0,2:04:11.08,2:04:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,West and Central French Africa,\Nto import.
Dialogue: 0,2:04:14.16,2:04:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suddenly with the franc cut in half,\Nthese things are twice as expensive.
Dialogue: 0,2:04:19.44,2:04:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Combine that with the effects\Nof local devaluation,
Dialogue: 0,2:04:23.80,2:04:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and products and services\Nsuddenly cost you 4, 5, 6 times more,
Dialogue: 0,2:04:29.00,2:04:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one day to the next!
Dialogue: 0,2:04:31.36,2:04:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Add time, and see what happens.\NLocal products
Dialogue: 0,2:04:35.52,2:04:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made from imported\Nsemi-raw materials,
Dialogue: 0,2:04:39.56,2:04:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that need imported binders,\Nglues, solvents, paint, etc.,
Dialogue: 0,2:04:44.88,2:04:47.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over a longer wavelength,
Dialogue: 0,2:04:48.08,2:04:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1 , 2, 3, 6 months later, they become\N2, 3, 4 times more expensive.
Dialogue: 0,2:04:53.52,2:04:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fourth measure: reorient\Nthe national economy around export
Dialogue: 0,2:05:00.24,2:05:04.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we measure the effects\Nof making the poorest countries,
Dialogue: 0,2:05:04.56,2:05:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the IMF and\NWorld Bank intervene,
Dialogue: 0,2:05:08.36,2:05:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,boost the production\Nof exportable products,
Dialogue: 0,2:05:13.04,2:05:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we make them compete\Nwith the same products.
Dialogue: 0,2:05:16.56,2:05:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Coffee-producing countries\Nall start producing more coffee.
Dialogue: 0,2:05:21.80,2:05:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cocoa, petroleum, same thing.
Dialogue: 0,2:05:25.56,2:05:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bauxite …
Dialogue: 0,2:05:29.36,2:05:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whatever it is … Sugar, wheat …
Dialogue: 0,2:05:33.68,2:05:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the base products
Dialogue: 0,2:05:37.28,2:05:41.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suffer falling prices\Ndue to over-production.
Dialogue: 0,2:05:42.12,2:05:46.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only do their prices fall,\Nand countries made to compete,
Dialogue: 0,2:05:46.76,2:05:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but added to this is the inflation\Neffect from currency devaluation
Dialogue: 0,2:05:51.56,2:05:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the automatic increase\Nin anything the country imports.
Dialogue: 0,2:05:56.68,2:06:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We witness a kind of reversal\Nof the countries’ interests -
Dialogue: 0,2:06:01.16,2:06:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even as we pretend to defend them -\Ncaused by this initial phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,2:06:06.88,2:06:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All their imports\Nare increasingly expensive,
Dialogue: 0,2:06:10.08,2:06:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while all their exports\Nbring in less.
Dialogue: 0,2:06:13.60,2:06:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They enter a spiral of indebtedness\Nthat means that now, in 2002,
Dialogue: 0,2:06:20.00,2:06:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,servicing the debt\Nof most of the poorest countries -
Dialogue: 0,2:06:24.96,2:06:31.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’m talking about countries like\NBangladesh, Ruanda, Burundi, Togo -
Dialogue: 0,2:06:31.56,2:06:35.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,countries like that,\Nthat are already minus 250th …
Dialogue: 0,2:06:36.40,2:06:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their debt servicing alone can be\Nup to 600 x their export revenues.
Dialogue: 0,2:06:42.44,2:06:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fifth measure:\N“getting the prices right”
Dialogue: 0,2:06:46.92,2:06:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Getting the prices right\Ngoes like this:
Dialogue: 0,2:06:50.12,2:06:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no subsidies for basic necessities,\Nso no more subsidized housing,
Dialogue: 0,2:06:55.08,2:06:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no more subsidies\Nfor health, oil, rice …
Dialogue: 0,2:07:01.44,2:07:03.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transportation …\NNo more subsidies,
Dialogue: 0,2:07:04.52,2:07:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the name of the right price.\NWhat does this mean?
Dialogue: 0,2:07:07.12,2:07:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In terms of dollars, all prices\Nbecome equivalent world wide.
Dialogue: 0,2:07:12.96,2:07:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you travel with dollars,\Nas I, a Canadian citizen, do,
Dialogue: 0,2:07:18.44,2:07:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wherever you go, products\Nand services cost the same.
Dialogue: 0,2:07:22.72,2:07:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether in Cotonou, Benin,\None of the poorest countries,
Dialogue: 0,2:07:26.72,2:07:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Chicago, New York, Paris,
Dialogue: 0,2:07:29.64,2:07:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your Holiday Inn or Sheraton room,\Nyour Holiday Inn meal
Dialogue: 0,2:07:34.96,2:07:39.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cost about the same in dollars\Nthroughout the world. Fine.
Dialogue: 0,2:07:40.04,2:07:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in Cotonou, capital of Benin,\None of the world’s poorest countries,
Dialogue: 0,2:07:45.64,2:07:50.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one night at the Sheraton,\Nwhere I sleep when I go there,
Dialogue: 0,2:07:50.44,2:07:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equals six months’ salary\Nof a Benin public servant.
Dialogue: 0,2:07:56.04,2:07:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One meal in the restaurant\Nof this Cotonou hotel
Dialogue: 0,2:07:59.76,2:08:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a week’s work\Nfor a minor Benin official.
Dialogue: 0,2:08:05.52,2:08:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sixth measure: liberalization\Nof investment and reverse wage parity
Dialogue: 0,2:08:12.52,2:08:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next comes reverse wage parity.\NThis consists in …
Dialogue: 0,2:08:16.84,2:08:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a succinct formula\Nthat slides all wages
Dialogue: 0,2:08:21.32,2:08:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down to the lowest, by sector,
Dialogue: 0,2:08:28.04,2:08:33.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and does so in concert with\Nthe “movement” to liberalize trade.
Dialogue: 0,2:08:34.56,2:08:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’ll explain.
Dialogue: 0,2:08:35.84,2:08:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NAFTA is announced: the Mexico,\NU.S., Canada free trade zone.
Dialogue: 0,2:08:42.40,2:08:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wages naturally slide from the\NAmerican level to the Mexican level.
Dialogue: 0,2:08:49.12,2:08:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s what happens when Mexican,\NCanadian and American labour compete.
Dialogue: 0,2:08:54.24,2:08:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Relocation to Mexico means NAFTA\Nhas created employment in Mexico.
Dialogue: 0,2:09:00.52,2:09:06.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in net terms,\N6 or 7 years after NAFTA,
Dialogue: 0,2:09:08.48,2:09:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wages in the whole region of Leone,\Nnorthern Mexico,
Dialogue: 0,2:09:13.44,2:09:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the American\Nmulti-nationals moved in -
Dialogue: 0,2:09:17.48,2:09:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while they shut down\Nproportionately in the U.S. …
Dialogue: 0,2:09:20.52,2:09:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There has been\Nan elimination of jobs
Dialogue: 0,2:09:24.24,2:09:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were high-paying,\Ncompared to Mexico,
Dialogue: 0,2:09:28.12,2:09:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to “create” jobs in Mexico
Dialogue: 0,2:09:32.36,2:09:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are infinitely lower-paid.\NSo, for the past 5 years,
Dialogue: 0,2:09:37.56,2:09:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the average wage in the most\Nactive, richest region of Mexico,
Dialogue: 0,2:09:42.76,2:09:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the American\Nmulti-nationals relocated …
Dialogue: 0,2:09:46.44,2:09:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wages dropped in net terms\Nof purchasing power by 23%.
Dialogue: 0,2:09:52.56,2:09:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Five years ago, a General Motors\Nworker in northern Mexico
Dialogue: 0,2:09:58.76,2:10:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could survive and maintain\Na family of 1 or 2 kids.
Dialogue: 0,2:10:05.04,2:10:10.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, the same worker\Ncan support only his own needs.
Dialogue: 0,2:10:10.40,2:10:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Survive alone.
Dialogue: 0,2:10:12.68,2:10:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the eve of the summit\Nto be held in northern Mexico,
Dialogue: 0,2:10:17.92,2:10:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they’re building in Monterey\Na wall to hide the slums.
Dialogue: 0,2:10:23.76,2:10:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Three meters high\Nand kilometers long,
Dialogue: 0,2:10:27.40,2:10:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so summit participants\Nwon’t see the poverty there.
Dialogue: 0,2:10:31.40,2:10:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s reverse parity: sliding wages\Nfrom highest to lowest by sector.
Dialogue: 0,2:10:36.80,2:10:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now that the most modern sectors\N- like information technology,
Dialogue: 0,2:10:43.00,2:10:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electronics, etc. - are increasingly\Nsaleable in the Third World,
Dialogue: 0,2:10:48.96,2:10:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have entire companies -\Nsuch as Swissair I think,
Dialogue: 0,2:10:53.32,2:10:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other companies,\Nthe steel industry, whatever -
Dialogue: 0,2:10:56.68,2:11:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that do all their accounting,\Nfinancial and IT work in Bombay.
Dialogue: 0,2:11:02.68,2:11:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A Bombay accountant who does the\Nsame work as a Swiss or Canadian one
Dialogue: 0,2:11:08.48,2:11:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,costs 100 times less.
Dialogue: 0,2:11:11.12,2:11:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A programmer who writes an aviation\Nprogram is 200 times cheaper.
Dialogue: 0,2:11:16.36,2:11:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so on.\NThat’s reverse wage parity.
Dialogue: 0,2:11:19.76,2:11:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What bothers me is that\Nwhen we combine these measures -
Dialogue: 0,2:11:24.20,2:11:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,devaluation, export, debt servicing,
Dialogue: 0,2:11:27.96,2:11:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,privatization,\Nshrinking public budgets,
Dialogue: 0,2:11:30.80,2:11:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forced public lay-offs\Nmaking more unemployed …
Dialogue: 0,2:11:34.12,2:11:36.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Combine all these\Nwith the prices and wages,
Dialogue: 0,2:11:37.00,2:11:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we come to the situation\Nwe’re in today:
Dialogue: 0,2:11:40.32,2:11:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rich countries are infinitely richer\Nand poor countries infinitely poorer.
Dialogue: 0,2:11:46.64,2:11:50.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I’m alarmed to see\Nthe World Bank and the IMF
Dialogue: 0,2:11:51.24,2:11:56.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to repeat in Argentina exactly\Nwhat massacred the Argentine economy.
Dialogue: 0,2:11:57.80,2:12:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s like we never learn.\NWhy not? There’s a reason.
Dialogue: 0,2:12:03.20,2:12:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s in their interest that this\Nideology that explains the world,
Dialogue: 0,2:12:08.52,2:12:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,continue to survive,\Nas long as the planet,
Dialogue: 0,2:12:12.32,2:12:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in its entirety,\Nis exploitable this way.
Dialogue: 0,2:12:17.92,2:12:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the International Monetary Fund,\Nthe right to vote is exercised
Dialogue: 0,2:12:22.96,2:12:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within the board of directors.
Dialogue: 0,2:12:25.52,2:12:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it’s a right based on …
Dialogue: 0,2:12:29.92,2:12:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,financial participation,
Dialogue: 0,2:12:32.36,2:12:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the financial contribution\Nof each State.
Dialogue: 0,2:12:35.92,2:12:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it’s the IMF shareholders.
Dialogue: 0,2:12:39.08,2:12:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Same for the World Bank.\NIt’s not like the U.N.
Dialogue: 0,2:12:42.44,2:12:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The main shareholders\Nof the IMF are, of course,
Dialogue: 0,2:12:47.20,2:12:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the U.S., Germany, Japan,\NGreat Britain, France, etc.
Dialogue: 0,2:12:51.68,2:12:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But ultimately, that’s just\None aspect, because …
Dialogue: 0,2:12:55.56,2:13:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the political representation\Nin an intergovernmental organization,
Dialogue: 0,2:13:01.76,2:13:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are other issues.\NIt’s the backroom.
Dialogue: 0,2:13:06.40,2:13:10.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s influence-peddling between\NWall Street, on one hand,
Dialogue: 0,2:13:11.24,2:13:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Washington. It’s the connections\Nbetween the IMF and the think tanks:
Dialogue: 0,2:13:16.32,2:13:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Heritage Foundation,\Nthe Brookings Institute.
Dialogue: 0,2:13:19.44,2:13:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The American treasury’s involved.\NThe U.S. Federal Reserve.
Dialogue: 0,2:13:25.88,2:13:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This all forms what’s been called\N“the Washington Consensus”.
Dialogue: 0,2:13:30.56,2:13:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s a power game.
Dialogue: 0,2:13:33.48,2:13:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2005, Paul Wolfowitz,
Dialogue: 0,2:13:35.88,2:13:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most radical ideologues\Nof imperialist politics
Dialogue: 0,2:13:40.88,2:13:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and President Bush’s warmonger,\Npassed directly
Dialogue: 0,2:13:44.04,2:13:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the U.S. Defense Department\Nto being head of the World Bank.
Dialogue: 0,2:13:50.72,2:13:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This appointment put an end
Dialogue: 0,2:13:53.48,2:13:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to any ambiguity about\Nthe World Bank’s real goals
Dialogue: 0,2:13:58.24,2:14:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and revealed the true face\Nof the Bretton Woods institutions.
Dialogue: 0,2:14:11.84,2:14:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bretton Woods conference,\NMount Washington Hotel, 1944
Dialogue: 0,2:14:14.80,2:14:18.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the war,\Nnaturally there was the creation
Dialogue: 0,2:14:19.44,2:14:22.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the IMF and the World Bank.
Dialogue: 0,2:14:23.76,2:14:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the mind of John Maynard Keynes,\Nthe architect of these institutions,
Dialogue: 0,2:14:28.76,2:14:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a third thing was needed.
Dialogue: 0,2:14:32.48,2:14:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A third organization,\Nthe International Trade Organization.
Dialogue: 0,2:14:37.64,2:14:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This didn’t work.\NThe Americans didn’t want it.
Dialogue: 0,2:14:41.60,2:14:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, as a fallback position,
Dialogue: 0,2:14:44.60,2:14:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GATT was created.
Dialogue: 0,2:14:49.60,2:14:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was created in ’47\Nand was supposed to take care of
Dialogue: 0,2:14:54.08,2:14:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lowering customs duties\Non industrial products.
Dialogue: 0,2:15:00.00,2:15:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GATT worked fairly well
Dialogue: 0,2:15:02.52,2:15:06.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because during\Nits 50 years of existence,
Dialogue: 0,2:15:08.52,2:15:12.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were major reductions\Nin duties,
Dialogue: 0,2:15:12.36,2:15:17.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which went from\Nan average of 40% to 50%
Dialogue: 0,2:15:18.16,2:15:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down to 4% or 5%.
Dialogue: 0,2:15:20.28,2:15:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that covered only\Nindustrial goods. Products.
Dialogue: 0,2:15:26.24,2:15:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the need was felt,
Dialogue: 0,2:15:28.80,2:15:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,primarily by transnational\Nfinancial companies
Dialogue: 0,2:15:35.16,2:15:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create an organization
Dialogue: 0,2:15:38.60,2:15:42.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would cover many more domains
Dialogue: 0,2:15:43.04,2:15:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than just industrial products.\NThat’s why,
Dialogue: 0,2:15:48.00,2:15:52.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the end of the Uruguay Round,\Nthe final GATT negotiation cycle,
Dialogue: 0,2:15:53.96,2:15:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the decision was made to create\Nthe World Trade Organization,
Dialogue: 0,2:15:59.76,2:16:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which became a reality\Non January 1, 1995,
Dialogue: 0,2:16:05.12,2:16:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and covers a multitude of agreements.\NNot just the perennial GATT
Dialogue: 0,2:16:10.32,2:16:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the agricultural accord,
Dialogue: 0,2:16:12.80,2:16:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the TRIPS accord\Non intellectual property,
Dialogue: 0,2:16:16.60,2:16:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the general accord on the service\Ntrade, a huge thing that covers
Dialogue: 0,2:16:22.40,2:16:25.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,11 main areas and 160 sub-areas,
Dialogue: 0,2:16:25.36,2:16:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that all human activities\Nare found there,
Dialogue: 0,2:16:29.92,2:16:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,covered by GATT regulations:
Dialogue: 0,2:16:32.84,2:16:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,education, health, culture,\Nenvironment.
Dialogue: 0,2:16:36.48,2:16:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are other technical agreements
Dialogue: 0,2:16:40.32,2:16:44.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that may seem technical,\Nbut that are extremely political:
Dialogue: 0,2:16:45.00,2:16:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the accords on\Ntechnical trade barriers,
Dialogue: 0,2:16:49.00,2:16:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on sanitary and\Nphytosanitary measures.
Dialogue: 0,2:16:52.96,2:16:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are accords on standards\Nthat various members, i.e., States,
Dialogue: 0,2:16:58.00,2:17:00.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can put in place
Dialogue: 0,2:17:01.00,2:17:06.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which declare that certain norms\Nare technical barriers to trade.
Dialogue: 0,2:17:06.40,2:17:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps lesser known,\Nbut the most important of all
Dialogue: 0,2:17:11.24,2:17:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the Dispute Settlement\NUnderstanding,
Dialogue: 0,2:17:14.88,2:17:19.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the very powerful\Njudicial branch
Dialogue: 0,2:17:19.76,2:17:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the World Trade Organization,
Dialogue: 0,2:17:22.24,2:17:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which enables it to settle\Ndisputes among members
Dialogue: 0,2:17:27.04,2:17:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and exercise jurisprudence.
Dialogue: 0,2:17:29.96,2:17:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, who judges?
Dialogue: 0,2:17:32.72,2:17:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don’t really know.\NExperts are chosen from lists.
Dialogue: 0,2:17:40.04,2:17:43.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Countries may recommend someone\Nfor these lists.
Dialogue: 0,2:17:43.76,2:17:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They’re generally private citizens.
Dialogue: 0,2:17:46.72,2:17:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Business lawyers or sometimes\Nformer business executives.
Dialogue: 0,2:17:52.16,2:17:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they’re unidentified.\NThey meet in secret,
Dialogue: 0,2:17:56.32,2:17:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,generally in three’s.
Dialogue: 0,2:17:59.20,2:18:00.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They decide fairly quickly.
Dialogue: 0,2:18:01.24,2:18:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There’s also an appeals process,
Dialogue: 0,2:18:04.84,2:18:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but appeals have the same conditions:\Na new panel,
Dialogue: 0,2:18:10.08,2:18:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it’s done in secret.
Dialogue: 0,2:18:12.08,2:18:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What’s important to know about the\NDSB, the Dispute Settlement Body,
Dialogue: 0,2:18:18.24,2:18:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it’s at once
Dialogue: 0,2:18:21.48,2:18:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the legislator, the jurist\Nand the executive,
Dialogue: 0,2:18:25.92,2:18:31.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it renders verdicts\Nand establishes jurisprudence.
Dialogue: 0,2:18:32.64,2:18:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It places itself above all the laws
Dialogue: 0,2:18:36.16,2:18:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have been passed
Dialogue: 0,2:18:38.72,2:18:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the countries’\Nindividual legislatures,
Dialogue: 0,2:18:42.76,2:18:48.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also above international law,\Nestablished laboriously over 50 years.
Dialogue: 0,2:18:48.24,2:18:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Human rights,
Dialogue: 0,2:18:51.56,2:18:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multi-lateral conventions\Non the environment,
Dialogue: 0,2:18:55.56,2:18:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the basic labour conventions of the\NInternational Labour Organization.
Dialogue: 0,2:19:00.08,2:19:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All this is forgotten and verdicts\Nare rendered at the DSB
Dialogue: 0,2:19:05.04,2:19:07.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that say, “Business trumps all,
Dialogue: 0,2:19:08.96,2:19:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we don’t want to hear about\Nyour environmental conventions.”
Dialogue: 0,2:19:14.08,2:19:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it’s executive because\Nit has the power to impose sanctions.
Dialogue: 0,2:19:19.84,2:19:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When a country disagrees\Nwith its verdict, it’s told, “Fine.
Dialogue: 0,2:19:24.64,2:19:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don’t make your legislation conform\Nto our verdict, but you’ll pay.
Dialogue: 0,2:19:29.80,2:19:31.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You’ll pay annually,
Dialogue: 0,2:19:33.28,2:19:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through customs duties that your\Nadversary in this settlement process
Dialogue: 0,2:19:38.96,2:19:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will determine.”\NSo when the U.S. decides
Dialogue: 0,2:19:43.36,2:19:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to impose duties on Europe,\Nfor France,
Dialogue: 0,2:19:46.96,2:19:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on foie gras, mustard\Nand roquefort,
Dialogue: 0,2:19:51.04,2:19:53.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it’s perfectly within its rights.
Dialogue: 0,2:19:54.40,2:20:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it’s expensive. And few countries\Ncan afford this annual leaching.
Dialogue: 0,2:20:02.28,2:20:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the WTO, various negotiations\Ngo on at the same time.
Dialogue: 0,2:20:08.52,2:20:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A country with no ambassador\Nin Geneva,
Dialogue: 0,2:20:13.44,2:20:16.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that shares one\Nwith other countries,
Dialogue: 0,2:20:16.52,2:20:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as is the case with the Africans\Nand with many small micro-States …
Dialogue: 0,2:20:26.68,2:20:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s impossible for them\Nto follow negotiations.
Dialogue: 0,2:20:32.36,2:20:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the South doesn’t know\Nwhat’s going on in all areas,
Dialogue: 0,2:20:38.88,2:20:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they say so openly.\NOne Southern ambassador
Dialogue: 0,2:20:42.24,2:20:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said, “The WTO\Nis like a multiplex theatre.
Dialogue: 0,2:20:45.68,2:20:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You must pick a film,\Nyou can’t see them all.”
Dialogue: 0,2:20:50.88,2:20:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they pick only what seems\Nimportant to their country.
Dialogue: 0,2:20:55.76,2:20:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So who really makes the decisions?
Dialogue: 0,2:20:58.72,2:21:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They say it’s by consensus.\NThere’s never been a vote.
Dialogue: 0,2:21:04.08,2:21:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the American ambassador said\Na vote would be a very bad precedent.
Dialogue: 0,2:21:09.64,2:21:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So much for democracy.
Dialogue: 0,2:21:12.96,2:21:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In reality, it’s the Quad.\NThe Quad is 4 countries -
Dialogue: 0,2:21:16.84,2:21:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Canada, the U.S.,\Nthe European Union and Japan -
Dialogue: 0,2:21:22.24,2:21:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that meet all the time\Nand have numerous staff
Dialogue: 0,2:21:26.72,2:21:28.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the WTO,
Dialogue: 0,2:21:28.36,2:21:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that come to their own consensus
Dialogue: 0,2:21:31.56,2:21:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and come back\Nbefore the plenary assembly
Dialogue: 0,2:21:35.08,2:21:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say, “Well, you agree,\Ndon’t you?”
Dialogue: 0,2:21:40.48,2:21:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it’s very hard for\NSouthern countries to say no.
Dialogue: 0,2:21:46.12,2:21:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes courage\Nand they must be certain,
Dialogue: 0,2:21:48.96,2:21:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because pressure tactics\Nagainst them exist.
Dialogue: 0,2:21:54.48,2:21:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And don’t delude yourself.
Dialogue: 0,2:21:56.44,2:22:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you’re dependent on the IMF\Nor have problems with the U.S.,
Dialogue: 0,2:22:02.76,2:22:06.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know you can’t step out of line.
Dialogue: 0,2:22:07.84,2:22:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Certainly, the financial markets\Nand the Bretton Woods institutions
Dialogue: 0,2:22:13.36,2:22:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have become privileged instruments\Nof the neo-liberal conquest.
Dialogue: 0,2:22:18.92,2:22:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some countries\Nstill obstinately refuse
Dialogue: 0,2:22:23.12,2:22:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to join this forced march.
Dialogue: 0,2:22:26.56,2:22:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s when colonialism\Nsheds its new suit
Dialogue: 0,2:22:30.92,2:22:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and comes forth\Nin its old warrior gear.
Dialogue: 0,2:22:35.20,2:22:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the break-up of Yugoslavia\Nto the war in Afghanistan via Darfur,
Dialogue: 0,2:22:42.92,2:22:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,post-Cold War conflicts\Nhinge on very different issues
Dialogue: 0,2:22:49.96,2:22:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the ones Western propaganda\Npresents as new “military humanism”.
Dialogue: 0,2:22:57.80,2:23:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Control over resources,\Nfinancial flux and geostrategic space -
Dialogue: 0,2:23:03.96,2:23:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the dictates of the IMF,\Nthe World Bank and the WTO -
Dialogue: 0,2:23:11.24,2:23:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ensure the domination of mega-\Ncorporations and giant capitalists
Dialogue: 0,2:23:17.44,2:23:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the entire planet.
Dialogue: 0,2:23:20.36,2:23:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, the colonial governments\Nthat the conquerors have installed
Dialogue: 0,2:23:25.16,2:23:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have soon moved to adopt\Nthe dogma of neo-liberal ideology.
Dialogue: 0,2:23:30.40,2:23:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the encirclement is complete.
Dialogue: 0,2:23:35.24,2:23:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neo-liberalism or neo-colonialism?
Dialogue: 0,2:23:35.40,2:23:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neo-liberalism or neo-colonialism?
Dialogue: 0,2:23:42.92,2:23:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strong-arm tactics\Nof military humanism
Dialogue: 0,2:23:50.60,2:23:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or
Dialogue: 0,2:23:52.52,2:23:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,war is peace
Dialogue: 0,2:24:02.04,2:24:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Dayton Accords were signed in ’95
Dialogue: 0,2:24:05.52,2:24:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on an American military base.
Dialogue: 0,2:24:08.32,2:24:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we consult\Nthe text of these accords,
Dialogue: 0,2:24:13.84,2:24:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see the Constitution\Nof Bosnia-Herzegovina appended
Dialogue: 0,2:24:18.32,2:24:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Dayton accords.
Dialogue: 0,2:24:20.04,2:24:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This constitution was written by\NAmerican consultants and lawyers,
Dialogue: 0,2:24:25.80,2:24:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who got together and wrote\Na fundamental document
Dialogue: 0,2:24:31.00,2:24:34.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without so much\Nas a constituent assembly
Dialogue: 0,2:24:35.04,2:24:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Bosnia-Herzegovina citizens.
Dialogue: 0,2:24:37.76,2:24:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can read\Nin this constitution
Dialogue: 0,2:24:43.08,2:24:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prepared by the United States,
Dialogue: 0,2:24:49.60,2:24:50.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Article X:
Dialogue: 0,2:24:52.04,2:24:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The central bank\Nof Bosnia-Herzegovina
Dialogue: 0,2:24:55.52,2:25:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shall not function as a central bank.\NIt must function as a currency board.
Dialogue: 0,2:25:04.40,2:25:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, a colonial bank,
Dialogue: 0,2:25:07.64,2:25:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with no chance\Nof creating money.
Dialogue: 0,2:25:11.88,2:25:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meaning, it’s completely trapped\Nby its external creditors.
Dialogue: 0,2:25:17.32,2:25:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that’s the model that\Ncurrently exists in Argentina.
Dialogue: 0,2:25:22.28,2:25:28.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moreover, in the Bosnia-Herzegovina\NConstitution, written in Dayton,
Dialogue: 0,2:25:29.00,2:25:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we read that
Dialogue: 0,2:25:30.80,2:25:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the IMF will nominate the president\Nof Bosnia-Herzegovina’s central bank,
Dialogue: 0,2:25:37.12,2:25:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this person …
Dialogue: 0,2:25:39.60,2:25:42.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may not be a citizen
Dialogue: 0,2:25:43.08,2:25:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of either Bosnia-Herzegovina\Nor a neighbouring country.
Dialogue: 0,2:25:46.16,2:25:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words,\Nwe see that this constitution,
Dialogue: 0,2:25:50.56,2:25:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is totally fabricated
Dialogue: 0,2:25:52.56,2:25:57.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has no citizen base\Nwithin Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Dialogue: 0,2:25:58.64,2:26:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is installing a colonial government.
Dialogue: 0,2:26:02.08,2:26:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don’t call it that. We say\Nit’s the international community …
Dialogue: 0,2:26:07.36,2:26:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But ultimately we see that\Nall the administrative structures
Dialogue: 0,2:26:13.68,2:26:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are dominated by foreigners.
Dialogue: 0,2:26:16.96,2:26:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Budgets are dominated by foreigners.\NMonetary policy is non-existent.
Dialogue: 0,2:26:26.12,2:26:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nevertheless, the Dayton Accords
Dialogue: 0,2:26:29.00,2:26:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are now being presented by the\Nso-called international community
Dialogue: 0,2:26:34.88,2:26:39.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the answer to the problems\Nof various countries.
Dialogue: 0,2:26:39.44,2:26:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They’d like to establish\Nthe same management model -
Dialogue: 0,2:26:46.76,2:26:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,colonial administration -
Dialogue: 0,2:26:51.24,2:26:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in countries like\NMacedonia and Yugoslavia.
Dialogue: 0,2:26:55.52,2:26:58.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, they talk about a mosaic.
Dialogue: 0,2:26:58.80,2:27:00.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A mosaic of protectorates.
Dialogue: 0,2:33:09.04,2:33:12.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adaptation: Kathleen Fleming\NAnrà Médiatextes, Montréal
Dialogue: 0,2:33:13.04,2:33:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,srt & ripped by Tokadime